The Chinese One Child Policy, Its Origin and Effects

Introduction One child policy is a measure that was adopted by the Chinese government in order to control the country’s population growth. As a family planning method, the one child policy was adopted by the highly populated country to limit the number of children that married couples are allowed to have.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Chinese One Child Policy, Its Origin and Effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper seeks to discuss the Chinese one child policy. The paper will look into the origin of the one child policy in china, its enforcement, reaction of the Chinese people towards the policy, effects that the policy has had in china as well as possible future effects of the policy in the people’s republic of China. The Chinese one child policy The one child policy as adopted in the people’s republic of China was introduced in the year 1979. The aim of the Chinese one child policy was to control the country’s population which was seen as a threat to the country’s resources. In its application of the policy, the government of China strived to persuade its citizens into accepting the policy by offering appealing incentives to people to convince them to yield to the government’s population policy. The application of the policy has also emphasized on discouraging Chinese â€Å"citizens from having more than one child† (University of Florida, 2009, p. 1) Origin of the one child policy in china The Chinese one child policy was a sort of condition that was meant to counter the then Chinese problem of high population growth rate. There had been previous perceptions by Chinese leaders such as Zedong that the might of a country was measured by the size of the country’s population. With respect to this opinion, Chinese people were encouraged to increase their birth rate with the aim of developing a stronger nation. Th e call for a larger population was seemingly received positively in the country since by the year 1953, the growth rate of the country’s population had sent alarming indicators and calls were made for population control (Boden, 2008, p. 104). The impact of the population burst together with industrial revolution that was felt at the time then led for call to change Chinese population patterns. The government in its aim to provide quality services to its people also identified the management of the large population as a key to achieving development objectives of the then government (Greenhalgh, 2008, p. 45).Advertising Looking for research paper on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the middle of the twentieth century, as china was undergoing economic recovery together with established peace and the then industrialization atmosphere, the high birth rates called for solutions as women were interested in working an d supporting the industrial revolution yet they had the burden of carrying pregnancies and taking care of their young ones. The then seemingly lack of knowledge among the Chinese women on how to control their child bearing led to their call for government assistance towards family planning. Further problems arose as a result of increased population as the government was being pressed with the responsibility of â€Å"employing, educating, feeding and housing† (Greenhalgh, 2008, p. 45) the large population. The initial solution to the Chinese population problem was first thought to be a simultaneous â€Å"population growth, along with economic and social developments† (Greenhalgh, 2008, p. 45) which was proposed by people like Mao Zedong. The intensity of strain of the population on facilities however increased and opinions about family planning were considered. The developments then led to the government taking the responsibility of directly controlling the country†™s population. Research by the socialist government into the Chinese population structure then led to adoption of â€Å"state birth planning† in which the government had control of the number of children that were born (Greenhalgh, 2008, p. 47). Attempts to control the Chinese growing population started in the 1960s with measures such as â€Å"production of contraceptives and massive media campaigns promoting late marriage, low birth rates and the use of intrauterine devices† (IML, 2007, p. 1) among other steps to control fertility and birth rates in the country (IML, 2007, p. 1). Further considerations by the government, after intensive research, led to the adoption of the one child policy in the people’s republic of china in the year 1979. The policy which was aimed at helping the government to reduce the country’s capacity to a level that it could adequately support had three main agendas: â€Å"delayed marriage and delayed child bearing, fewer and healthier births and one child per couple† (Learner, n.d., p. 1). The policy was however applied selectively. Its application depended on whether a person was staying in an urban or rural area among other factors (University of Florida, 2009, p. 1) Implementation of the one child policy in China The implementation of the policy was not hard in urban areas as people were already under a lot of strain regarding social services. There was already shortage in accommodation facilities in china at the time and this made the child policy a welcomed idea because people saw it as a solution to the then housing crisis in Chinese urban centers. The Chinese government, which was the main employer in the urban centers, also ensured monitoring of its employees into the implementation of the policy.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Chinese One Child Policy, Its Origin and Effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn Mor e The implementation of the policy was therefore considered to be smooth in urban areas. Challenges were however met in rural areas regarding the implementation of the one child policy. Poverty was one of the challenges that the policy faced in rural areas. Contrary to the opinion that poor families would opt for fewer children that they could afford to support, the Chinese peasants saw children as a future source of income that would support their parents in old age. Children were also a source of labor to their parents in farms and limiting the number of children to one would deprive the parents of this labor force. Another challenge that faced the policy in rural areas was security that parents require during their old age in terms of material provisions and physical company. The culture that children get married and women leave their parents to stay with their husbands led to a preference of boys by Chinese rural residents. A couple that was not yet blessed with a boy child wo uld therefore not easily yield to a concept of family planning; leave alone a one child policy. Harsh conditions were however laid on citizens who failed to comply with the one child policy in terms of levies (IML, 2008, p. 1). The implementation of the one child policy was also seen to be forceful as the government considered non compliance to be more of a constitutional offence. Couples who failed to honor the government’s initiative of having only one child were severely fined depending on where they lived. Fines that went as high as thousands of dollars were laid upon couples who conceived after their first child and cases of forced abortions were reported in the country as the government tried to enforce the policy. Softer implementation measures such as granting â€Å"longer maternity leave and other benefits to couples that delayed childbearing† (Fitzpatrick, 2009, p. 1) as well as recognition of couples â€Å"who volunteered to have one child† (Fitzpatri ck, 2009, p. 1) were also employed in the implementation of the policy (Fitzpatrick, 2009, p. 1). Cartier (2001) indicated that the Chinese one child policy implementation was not uniform. The way in which the policy was implemented together with its â€Å"acceptance and results† varied from one geographical region to another (Cartier, 2001, p. 187). People in agriculturally dominated rural areas were, for example, â€Å"allowed to have two children† (Cartier, 2001, p. 187) per couple. Further exemptions were made to the policy if a couple’s first child was a girl, giving couples another chance to search for a boy child. The implementation was with this respect gender biased as it showed regard to boy child and not to girl child. It represented the girl child as of lower value by giving preference to the boy child only (Cartier, 2001, p. 187).Advertising Looking for research paper on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reactions of the Chinese people towards the one child policy The issue of one child policy brought about a lot of reaction from the Chinese people. Some of the witnessed reactions were steps to avoid penalties that government agencies laid on people who violated the policy, or to try to suite the government’s policy while some were just intended to criticize the policy. One of the reactions of the Chinese people towards the introduction and the implementation of the one child policy was the abandonment or killing of children that were born contrary to the policy, or that according to parents were not favorable to the policy. The cause of this reaction was based on the traditional preference of male children to female children and cases of accidental pregnancies. Couples would, for example, have their first child but throw it away or kill for being a girl. The tradition in Chinese communities gave value to male children and parents for this reason felt obliged to comply with t he one child policy while at the same time, they felt that they had to have a male child. The end result was killing or abandoning children if they were not boys. Unplanned pregnancies after a first child also resulted in abortions as couples tried to escape penalties of non compliance to the one child policy (Daniel, n.d., p. 1). Impacts of the Chinese one child policy The immediate impact of the one child policy was the reduced population growth rate in the country. The birth rate in china was significantly reduced from its rate in the year 1979 which was recorded at 2.9 to its 1.4 as recorded in the year 2004. The reduction in population growth rate was a success to the government that introduced the one child policy with the aim o f controlling the Chinese population that was growing at an alarming rate. Chinese census that was conducted in the year 2000 revealed that the policy had been successful in controlling hundreds of millions of child births. Critics have however pointed out that the reduced birth rates realized in china is not purely attributable to the one child policy of the year 1979. There had been other measures in china that had been established to help the country control its population growth. Policies that advocated for â€Å"later child bearing, greater spacing between children and fewer children† (Hesketh, 2005, p. 1) had been effective in reducing the Chinese population growth rate prior to the introduction of the one child policy. Critics have argued that policies that preceded the one child policy were considerably more successful that the famous one child policy. Before the introduction of the one child policy in the year 1979, the population growth rate had been successfully reduced from its rate of over six to about 5.9 in the 1970. The introduction of population control policies after the year 1970 further reduced the growth rate from 5.9 in the year 1970 down to about three in the year 1979 (Hesketh, 2005, p. 1). The one child policy together with influence prior policies therefore contributed to the final reduction of the rate from its value in the year 1979 down to its current approximation of about 1.7. It can thus be argued that the reduction in population growth rate might have still been realized even in the absence of the one child policy. This view would cast a negative image on the policy makers who introduced the policy and called for its enforcement owing to the fact that most citizens, especially in rural areas, had contrary opinions to the demand of the policy. The sufferings and humiliations such as fines and forced abortions together with child murders and abandonments, which were realized as a result of the policy, would therefore have not been necessary as the fall in growth rate would still be realized subject to the earlier policies (Hesketh, 2005, p. 1). Another impact of the one child policy in the Chinese population system is the increased ratio disparity between males and fema les. Owing to the traditional believes and preference of male children among the people of china, the limitation on the number of children that a couple are allowed to have has led to keenness on the sex of a child born to any particular couple. In urban areas where the number of children is restricted to one per couple for example, the desire and preference of male children as compared to female children and the availability of ultrasonography has allowed couples to screen and determine the sex of an expected child. The effect of knowing that the unborn baby is a girl often leads to abortion in order to retain the one chance of child bearing for a boy child. The same case was evidenced in rural areas especially after first born of couples. Since couples in these areas are allowed to have a second child if the first one happens to be a girl, emphases are put to ensure that the second birth is a boy. Any contrary indication, which can be detected through screening, results in abortio n. The policy has therefore fueled gender discrimination that has been against women as they were considered to be of less value as compared to men. The direct expression of this view over women and girls could have been a discouragement to young women as they felt unappreciated in the society. The increased gender disparity in terms of numbers also pose a social threat to societies as men will grow to find a deficit of women with whom new families can be established. There is therefore a looming fear of unmarried men in china in future as the number of men is expected to be very high as compared to that of women (Hesketh, 2005, p. 1). A secondary impact of the one child policy that reduced birth rate in China is the population ageing that has been noted in the country with more of it predicted to be witnessed in future. The effect of economic developments in china has led to vast improvements in social services that have led to improved living standards in the country. Improved hea lth services as provided by the government has also contributed to better health care leading to increased life expectancy in the country. The reduced birth rate that has been realized in china, coupled with increased life expectancy has resulted in a situation where the number of young people is gradually decreasing while the number of the old in the country is on the increase. A normally stable population experiences a constant ratio of all demographic age groups since natural occurrences of death and birth rates cancel one another. A contrary observation is however made when both birth rate and death rate are on the decline subject to factors such as increased life expectancy. The effect of the reduced birth rate and death rate in the Chinese population for example has resulted in a majority of the population being composed of the elderly (Kaneda, 2011, p. 1). The trend of the Chinese demographic pattern is expected to worsen with the percentage of the elderly projected to increa se from less than ten percent in the year 2006 to about twenty four percent in the next four and a half decades. The population ageing, as a result of the reduced birth rate and coupled with increased life expectancy also has a variety of impacts that can be significantly attributed to the one child policy’s reduced birth rate. One of the effects of the population ageing is the increased pressure on health services as required by the increasing number of the elderly. Health problems that are associated with old age are expected to be on the increase following increased number of the elderly. The resulting increased cost of taking care of these old people will be a strain to the government especially when the working force decrease due to population ageing causing a lapse in the country’ economy (Kaneda, 2011, p. 1). Similarly, the change in Chinese demographic pattern leading to population aging has a direct effect on the country’s economic status. Couples being forced to have one child mean that in their old age, they will only have this one person to look up to for care and support. At the same time, the undersupplied economy in terms of labor force will also be depending on this same person to work in the economy. The end result is a shortage in labor force in the economy as well as strained facilities for taking care of the elderly. The economy is going to be strained in the sense that in every place of two people who will be getting old and leaving the labor force, there will be a lesser corresponding fraction getting into the labor force due to reduced birth rate. Similarly, the elderly need for attention and someone to take care of them will also be faced with a challenge as their sole respective children will be involved in economic activities trying to obtain finances to support both themselves and their old parent. The overall impact then lays on the government whose responsibility includes ensuring that the elderly are taken car e of. The government will then be forced to offer services for the elderly as the young ones work in the economy. This will consequently strain the government due to increased expenditure on the economically inactive old people and reduced labor force due to the ageing population (Kaneda, 2011, p. 1). Possible solutions to negative impacts of the one child policy The one child policy has been associated with effects that are not favorable to the country’s economic and even social aspects. One of the steps that can be taken to counter these problems is â€Å"loosening fertility restrictions to allow more births† (Banister, 2009, p. 29). Reduced restriction would allow for more children who will in future fill the gaps left in labor force as well as participate in caring for the elderly. Establishing funds to provide services to the elderly as well as enacting rules that put legal responsibility of daughters who are single children to take care of their parents in old ag e. This will shift the government’s expenditure from social services for the elderly to other national development programs (Banister, 2009, p. 29). Conclusion The establishment of the one child policy in china in the year 1979 seemed to have been a misinformed policy. This is because of a number of reasons that starts from the fact that the reduced birth rate in the country was more significant before the adoption of the policy as compared to after its adoption when birth rate stabilized. The policy has therefore failed to achieve its objective that was to reduce population growth rate. On the other hand, the policy has brought a number of negative side effects like government’s oppression on couples who failed to comply with the policy, abortions, increased gender imbalance ratio as well as disregard to female children. This paper therefore holds the conclusion that the Chinese one child policy was not a good policy. References Banister, J. (2009) Coping with populat ion aging in china. [Online] available from http://iis-db.stanford.edu/evnts/5501/Banister.pdf . Boden, J. (2008) The Wall Behind China’s Open Door: Towards Efficient Intercultural Management in China. Brussels, Belgium: ASP/ Vubpress/ Upa. Cartier, C. (2001). Globalizing south China. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Daniel, V. (n.d.) China’s one child policy. [Online] available from http://www2.needham.k12.ma.us/nhs/cur/kane98/kanep2/chinas1kid/dcva2.html . Fitzpatrick, L. (2009) China’s one-child policy. [Online] available from http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1912861,00.html . Greenhalgh, S. (2008) Just one child: science and policy in Deng’s China. Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. Hesketh, T. (2005) The effects of China’s one child family policy after 25 years. [Online] available from http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMhpr051833 . IML. (2007) China’s one child policy, history. [Online] available fro m http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/fall07/Henneberger/History.html . Kaneda, T. (2011) China’s concern over population aging and health. [Online] available from http://www.prb.org/Articles/2006/ChinasConcernOverPopulationAgingandHealth.aspx . Learner. (n.d.) Some facts: China’s â€Å"one child† policy. [Online] available from http://www.learner.org/libraries/makingmeaning/makingmeaning/support/1childa.pdf . University of Florida. (2009) China facts: population-one child policy. [Online] available from http://cero11.cise.ufl.edu/~webmaster/Learning_Modules/FACT/content/FACT_population_one_child.html . This research paper on The Chinese One Child Policy, Its Origin and Effects was written and submitted by user Beige Bug to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Similarities Between “The Cask Of Amontillado“ And “A Good Man Is Hard To Find“

Similarities Between â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† Both Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† are short horror stories, but some may consider them to be dark comedies. Since both of these stories contain some comical scenes and strange characters, they end with some very ironic twists. Irony is not the only similarity between these two stories. Evil is another underlying plot in these two stories. Pride is also another characteristic shared between some of the characters in these stories, which can lead to some very bad things if either too much is there, or if there is not enough. The most ironic thing about these two dark comedies is that the main characters are being led to their deaths throughout the entire stories. â€Å"The vaults are insufferably damp. They are encrusted with nitre.† â€Å"Let us go, nevertheless. The cold is merely nothing. Amontillado!† (P764). Fortunato continues his journey towards death by his own will. Another ironic twist in the story is when Montresor responds to Fortunato saying, â€Å"I will not die of a cough.† Then Montresor responds, â€Å"True- true†¦Ã¢â‚¬  There is talk about death, and Fortunato has no idea that he is actually leading himself into his own death. Fortunato’s own name is ironic, because it means fortunate and he is not very fortunate at the end. The characters in â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† are also leading themselves into their own deaths. Instead of going on vacation to Florida where they believe the Misfit is, they head to Tennessee, where they actually lead themselves into the path of the Misfit. It is also ironic how the grandmother prepares herself for death, but she does not know that she is really going to die. â€Å"Her collar and cuffs were white organdy trimmed with lace and at her neckline she had pinned a purple spray of cloth violets containing a sachet. I... Free Essays on Similarities Between â€Å"The Cask Of Amontilladoâ€Å" And â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Findâ€Å" Free Essays on Similarities Between â€Å"The Cask Of Amontilladoâ€Å" And â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Findâ€Å" Similarities Between â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† Both Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† are short horror stories, but some may consider them to be dark comedies. Since both of these stories contain some comical scenes and strange characters, they end with some very ironic twists. Irony is not the only similarity between these two stories. Evil is another underlying plot in these two stories. Pride is also another characteristic shared between some of the characters in these stories, which can lead to some very bad things if either too much is there, or if there is not enough. The most ironic thing about these two dark comedies is that the main characters are being led to their deaths throughout the entire stories. â€Å"The vaults are insufferably damp. They are encrusted with nitre.† â€Å"Let us go, nevertheless. The cold is merely nothing. Amontillado!† (P764). Fortunato continues his journey towards death by his own will. Another ironic twist in the story is when Montresor responds to Fortunato saying, â€Å"I will not die of a cough.† Then Montresor responds, â€Å"True- true†¦Ã¢â‚¬  There is talk about death, and Fortunato has no idea that he is actually leading himself into his own death. Fortunato’s own name is ironic, because it means fortunate and he is not very fortunate at the end. The characters in â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† are also leading themselves into their own deaths. Instead of going on vacation to Florida where they believe the Misfit is, they head to Tennessee, where they actually lead themselves into the path of the Misfit. It is also ironic how the grandmother prepares herself for death, but she does not know that she is really going to die. â€Å"Her collar and cuffs were white organdy trimmed with lace and at her neckline she had pinned a purple spray of cloth violets containing a sachet. I...

Character Descriptions How To Write Them (in 3 Steps)

Character Descriptions How To Write Them (in 3 Steps) Character Descriptions: How To Write Them (in 3 Steps) Character descriptions - those key passages that describe what a character actually looks like - are almost as crucial to a written story as the characters themselves. If you’re writing a novel, you’ve probably created an awesome, vivid protagonist in your head: motivated, quirky, maybe even memorably named. But how do you convey all that to a reader without depleting the magic?Writing strong character descriptions actually requires quite a bit of finesse. If you skimp on descriptive passages, you run the risk of leaving your readers with forgettable characters. But if you get too descriptive, you wind up leaving no room for the reader’s own imagination. So what does it take to strike the right balance? We’ll tell you! Here are three cardinal rules on how to write character descriptions without falling off that tightrope. Do you know the three cardinal rules for describing characters? Find out in this guide! 1. Choose your words carefullyWhen writing character descriptions, it’s easy to get ahead of yourself. After all, this is the first time you’re introducing a character you’ve created from the ground up.But just because you know everything about them, doesn’t mean the reader needs to. Character descriptions aren’t about doling out every detail in lavish language - they’re about succinct characterization. Here are a few tips on how to achieve just that.Be descriptive in your languageWe’re talking about character descriptions, after all - it’s quite literally in the name. When describing a character that you see clearly in your mind, it’s easy to simply give a laundry list of attributes: she had black hair, brown eyes, and freckles. But that tells us nothing about the character and is frankly a waste of words.Sure, your protagonist might have brown eyes. But so does half the world’s population! And characterization is all about showing what makes a character unique.Sometimes, this can be done through word choice alone. Take this example from Huckleberry Finn:â€Å"There warn’t no color in his face, where his face showed; it was white; not like another man’s white, but a white to make a body sick, a white to make a body’s flesh crawl – a tree-toad white, a fish-belly white.†From this passage, we clearly understand how Huck’s father looks, as surely as if Twain had simply written, â€Å"He was white.† But through the use of figurative language and excellent word choice, another image sticks in our head: that of a sickly, grotesque drunk. Bonus points for the use of â€Å"tree-toad† and â€Å"fish-belly† - descriptors that match the tone of the adventure novel.Use adjectives sparingly Feel free to stretch the boundaries of what you’re describing and how you’re describing it. Rather than simply pointing out concrete characteristics or actions, feel free to describe abstractions, like this passage from Neil Gaiman’s Neverwhere:â€Å"Mr. Croup likes words, while Mr. Vandemar is always hungry. Also, they look nothing alike.†Or, describe physical characteristics in an abstract way - that is, use similes and metaphors. In A Christmas Carol, Dickens does not describe Scrooge as a Christmas-hating miser. Instead, Scrooge is:â€Å"Hard and sharp as flint, from which no steel had ever struck out generous fire; secret, and self-contained, and solitary as an oyster.† How did Dickens turn Scrooge into a Christmas-hating miser without ever calling him one? Be biasedWhether you’re describing yourself to a friend or a friend is describing you to someone else, it’s very unlikely either of you would give a painstaking, perfectly objective account.. Biases exist in every aspect of life, so it’s okay to be biased in character descriptions, too.If a first person narrator is describing themselves, they might comment on their own attractiveness, like Humbert Humbert in Lolita:â€Å"I was, and still am, despite mes malheurs, an exceptionally handsome male; slow-moving, tall, with soft dark hair and a gloomy but all the more seductive cast of demeanor.†Or you could have one character describe another, which illuminates the attributes of the latter and the perception of the former. Take, for example, this particularly scathing description of one person by another from Jodi Taylor’s The Nothing Girl:â€Å"The only talents he possessed were delusions of adequacy.†This sentence succinctly describes a not-quit e-self-aware underachiever. But it also illustrates a narrator with a not-so-objective opinion of him.Show, don’t tellYup. The golden rule of writing applies here as well. At the end of the day, no matter what you decide to reveal to your audience, the most important aspect of character descriptions is how you reveal it. Regardless of how special, unique, or honest-to-god awesome your protagonist is, a reader forced to trudge through page after page of intensive description will find any character boring.Instead, think of how we learn things about other people in real life. Very rarely does the color of our eyes or the shape of our nose describe who we are. We don’t tell everything there is to know about each other - we show it, through our expressions, perceptions, actions, preferences, and even our stuff. Apply that same rule to your character descriptions, and your characters (and readers) will thank you for it.Are there any character descriptions that stand out to you? Leave any thoughts or questions in the comments below!

Methods Used To Evaluate Supply Chain Performance Essay

Methods Used To Evaluate Supply Chain Performance - Essay Example 166). The measurement of performance of the supply chain is quite vital especially in setting objectives and evaluating the performance of such supply chains as well as determining the necessary future course of action. Companies should consider themselves in the chain supply not as the producer or just as the suppliers of the products thereby reducing the products and or service cycle time. Additionally, a significant supply chain allows competitors to cooperate in order to achieve smooth movement in the supply chain. Companies are engaged in planning and coordinating the process of product flow from the foundation to the end user as a combined system rather than independent processes (Keebler 33). This has made the evaluation of the chain of supply mandatory to ensure that the more profitable supply chain is applied in the course of the business. Therefore, businesses must use the different methods of evaluating the performance of the supply chain to ensure that they remain abreast in the competition by employing the most effective supply chain in the business. Businesses are often involved in different supply chains including those that supply raw materials and the finished products. Therefore, without a proper functional supply chain, business that involves at the same may waste time and resources in such supply chains resulting to low productivity and profitability of such businesses. Hence, it is vital that product manufacturers

How Personal Can Ethics Get Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

How Personal Can Ethics Get - Essay Example She faced a dilemma, outweighed her options, made a choice, and based it, solely, on her personal situation. She ended up not enriching her organization’s ethics. On the other hand, her boss acted on his personal preference. He, too, faced a dilemma, made clearly unethical choice and kept acting on it. Therefore, he not only did not help develop ethics in his organization, he compromised its integrity. In this particular case individual differences and preferences proved to be more important than ethics. Here, the ethical principles were not enforced from the leadership level, or followed by the individuals within the organization. I see organizational ethics as a two way road. On the road, a car, driven by a manager, is heading to meet the other car, driven by an employee. The manager is supposed to give the employee a set of instructions how to deal with ethical questions. Unfortunately, in this case, they never meet. In recent years, with the discovery of unethical business practices in several big and â€Å"prominent† companies, the public started looking more closely into how business is conducted. The focus of this new interest became the ethics in business organizations and how ethical guidelines are followed. We perceive ethics as simply distinguishing right from wrong. On the organizational level this means treating employees and business partners fairly, and leaving no doubt or room for questions about implementation of organizational policies on ethics. Many organizations do have policies and procedures in place to guide individuals in confronting and resolving ethical dilemmas. But, often times that is not enough. What is needed is overall organizational culture in which top management leadership, by clear example, leads everyone else within the organization in navigating the rough waters of ethics. After all, managers and other leaders are the ones facing dilemmas more frequently than

Analysis Of Tourism In Mozambique Tourism Essay

Analysis Of Tourism In Mozambique Tourism Essay The energy crisis and global recession, in 1973/4 highlighted the structural deficiencies in the third world economies. The need of foreign exchange and employment, along with the concerns of inequalities, leakages and constant levels of poverty (Sharpley Telfer, 2002). Even so, in the past two decades the Sub-Saharan Africa tourism has experienced a remarkable growth, a difference from 1.5% in 1970 to 4.5% in 2003 and is expected that the Africas share will increase to 5% of total international arrivals by 2020. Although, Mozambique tourism sector could not benefit from this recovery, because the two wars had occurred in between, a period that other nations including the neighbouring have managed to develop their own tourism industry. This essay is to explain the key factors that may contribute to the success or failure of tourism planning. Conscientious about planning different terminology and thoughts, a range of illustrations and description that applies to Mozambiques tourism p lan (history, political, economy, social and development), and its aims will help a better understanding around the topic. Planning The absence of planning may cause unregulations, leading to a range of negative socio-economic and environmental impacts. So, in order to create and respond to the tourism concerns it is important to include a rational plan (Mason, 2003). Different approaches of planning have been presented: Boosterism; Economic; Physical/Spatial; Sustainable; Community and so on. Kadt, (1979), noted that the consequences of tourism planning are a result of the nations overall political economy, because it is what will determine the equality in the distribution of tourism benefits. Nonetheless, planning is a process for anticipation and implementation of changes that would maximize positive developments (William, 1998, cited by Mason, 2003). However, Mason, (2003) argued that planning is a very complex term and can be applied in many contexts, for example: in relation to individuals, groups, organisations and governments, but at same time to different geographic areas (urban, rural), or as well at lo cal, regional and national levels. In accordance, Cullingsworth, (1997:5, cited by Hall, 2008) stated that planning is also, a sort of decision and policy making because they are connected and interrelated, planning is the process where goals are set and policies are made to implement them. However, it deals with interdependent and systematic decisions, rather than individual decisions. Many activities in the process cannot be isolated (bargaining, negotiation, politics, values) and the process of planning is only one part of the overall plan. Therefore, planning is more complex than Drors (1973) perspective of set of decisions for actions in future (Hall, 2008). Besides, various such as Mason, (2003); McCabe et al., (2000:235) argued that the important is the process element of the plan, as it provides direction by enabling individuals to indentify the path that is to be taken and the outcomes or end results. On the other hand, Gunn, (1998) argued that by focussing on the physical design, there is a risk of failure in recognising the key principles of the planning process; the fundamentals that originated its creations, but he also added that by focussing on the process of planning rather than considering the product itself may possibly lead to planning being considered vague and theoretical. Destination case study: Historical Tourism has been important to Mozambican economy since the Portuguese colonial period and was developed around three themes: sun and sea, wildlife and urban (dynamic environment). During the colonial period the Mozambique tourist arrivals were mainly from southern Africa and Portugal and were close to 400,000. However, since the colonial war conflict in 1973, tourism infrastructure and several animal species were destroyed, therefore the number of tourist and the tourism activity declined (Visser, 2004). After the peace-accord in 1992 initiatives to recovery the tourism industry has been applied (Sun, Sand and Sea, complemented by Eco-tourism; Culture; Water sports, Adventure and Urban Tourism). Political Frelimo has been in power since the countrys independence from Portugal in 1975 and has the majority of the parliamentary seats 191 out of 250. In 1990 a new constitution that provided for multipartysm was implement (www.news.bbc.co.uk, 2010). The country shift from one-party autocracy to multi-party democracy. Implemented institutional reforms for the re-schedulling of debt and loans; it open up to the markets by adopting adjustment measures of liberalisation which included public/private cooperation (Kulipossa, 2006). There was a shift from centralised government approach based in a dictator state where single decisions were made and all the infrastructure belonged to the state (horizontal policy coordination across Ministries), to a decentralised approach (vertical policy coordination between different levels of govern) where the power of management was shared with regional and local levels since they were better positioned to deal with local needs and more able to implement polic ies and integrating the communities as part of the process . The government decided to open the nation market to private sector as they were better financially to build and reconstruct the infrastructures that were in need and because of their ability to bring foreign exchange to the country. Even the govern of Mozambique being responsible for Tourism Policy and Implementation Strategy, is still fragile in experience and financial resources. To reduce the existing gap of linking policies with the actions, the nations government are dependent of foreign help, needing to defer the responsibility of tourism recovery, national or local economic development to the Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and Associations, (Rylance in Spenceley, 2008). Economy According to Rylance in Spenceley, (2008:29), the nation economy varies from inefficiency, poor infrastructure and high levels of corruption, which discourage foreign investment. Nevertheless, between 1993-2004 there was a growth of 7.2 GDP, an annual average of 8 per cent over the last decade. Additionally, there was a decrease on annual inflation from more than 54 per cent in 1995 to 13.5 per cent in 2003 and 9.1 per cent in 2004. Despite the achievements Mozambique remains one of the poorest countries in the world. The per capita income in 2004 was equal to $320 (UNDO, 2004 cited by Rylance in Spencely, 2008:29). Furthermore, the country remains very dependent of international help through donations and is largely dependent of the agriculture sector which employs 83 per cent of the population and is responsible of 80 per cent of the exporters and for 26 percent of national GDP (SNV Mozambique, 2007:3 cited by Rylance in Spencely, 2008). The influence and power of negotiation is we akened by the nations vulnerability and dependency upon a greater number of foreign companies. On the other hand, Mozambique governments have been accused of problems of corruption on the legislation and collection of revenues. Critics assert that Mozambique is pursuing mega projects that do not generate social benefit (www.news.bbc.co.uk, 2010). Nonetheless, during 2006 the tourism sector generated revenues around US$ 144 million, it is expected that the industry will became one of the major foreign exchange earner as it is increasing in its foreign investment (Jossai, 2010). Social: It has been recognised that as an economic sector, tourism has both positive and negative impacts over the society. However, with an adequate anticipation and implementation of strategic plan tourism can be developed with reduced impact in the natural areas: the several benefits of the industry upon the society can be maximised, and the disadvantages can be minimised or even eliminated. With this understanding Mozambican policies and planning developers have adopted sustainable actions aspiring a balance in the tourism development, humans, animals and ecological communities. The focus was to reduce poverty by adopting tourism sector as a tool for development, either by local supply of services and goods to tourism enterprises or by enterprises employing the poor; plus providing the means for improvement of health, education and sanitary conditions. Though, it may be assumed that the government have failed to provide the right tools for local involvement as it was incapable to support people with training and knowledge to reduce the barriers of getting locals involved in the tourism economies, did not have option than lead it to the NGOs and associations that have started to do so (Rylance in Spenceley, 2008). This is due to the government lack of capacity and low involvement in implementing and manage policies. Moreover, the shortage of available finance for small enterprises and the time needed to start a business, discourages the majority of locals from contributing to the sector. For example: to open a business in Mozambique it takes on average 153 days (World Bank, 2004 cited by Spenceley, 2008). McEwan, (2004, p7) argues that local tourism enterprises are prevented from getting involved in the business and remain very dependent of foreign investment and international aid. In fact foreign investment involves 70 per cent of the Mozambique tourism projects and local borrowing from banks, has high costs 15 per cent interest in real terms (Rylance in Spenceley, 2008). Development As a reflection of predominance of business travellers, visiting friends/relatives and regional weekend trip of leisure segment, the average stay in Mozambique is around 2.3 days, comparatively low to Kenya 8.4 days average length. There are 2.030 tourist establishments in Mozambique which directly employed over 35.000 people. The southern borders are the visitors main entrance but investors are starting to show some interest in the northern areas (Pemba, Quiribas archipelago and Nacala). In 2001 the number of international tourist arrivals was just about parallel to the visiting numbers during the colonial period. The accommodation sector has a total of 12.000 beds, near 5,000 cope with the luxury standard or 3 star above on the international market. In compare, the city of Cape Town has something like 30,000 beds and Mauritius 19,600 beds. The national air lines are expensive and limited: operating three Boeing B737 which serves domestic connections from Maputo to the other main ci ties of the country (Beira, Nampula, Quelimane, Pemba, Lichinga, Chimoio and Tete) and regional routes to Johannesburg and Dares Salaam (Williams, 2006). The accommodations and tourism facilities (hotels, tourism resorts) are very expensive favourable for the wealthier customers. Furthermore, the human capital (residents, poor people) are mostly employed in low levels jobs such as cleaners and bar staff which reduces their chance of economic benefits as their wages and level is equally low (SNV Mozambique, 2006 cited by Rylance in Spenceley, 2008). The major investors of Mozambiques tourism industry have recognised the uniqueness of the country, that is the fact of being the only in the neighbours that do not have Anglo-Saxon colonial past since was colonized by Portugal, and from the fact of having a mix of cultural environment and rich heritage of Arabic, Swahali, Portuguese and African influences (Williams, 2006). Conversely, as the majority of tourist are English speakers, this advantages is also a barrier since tourist and locals have communication gaps. In addition, the nation has a limited offer of tourism products, constrained to the safaris games products. The investors and tour operates still reluctant in diversify and reach the unexploited areas by developing new tourism products and attract new markets. As a withdrawal affect the country competitiveness with exception of Malawi, is very low in comparison to the bordering neighbours (South Africa, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Suazilandia, Zambia). Although, there are indications of economic improvement since the civil war: increase in the national GDP, reduction of inflation and levels of percentage of poverty however, the wealth distribution of income still irregular by favouring elite groups and elements of government. In addition the country continues dependent on food import and, also vulnerable to the global prices (EIU, 2010). One aspect of the tourism industry is the negative impact that it causes to the destinations. It, has been suggested by many, such as: Kadt, (1979); William, (1998); Mason, (2003); Hall, (2008); Spenceley, (2008), that the destination plan should encompass the tourism alternative approaches. Moreover, even the existence of different plan approaches or reasons of plan, it is assumed that they are imperative for the insurance of pathways to be taken as a mean to anticipate and correct possible events. In this basis, by adopting the national strategic plan for tourism, Mozambique allowed itself for any readjustments if necessary. The focus of the Strategic Plan for the Development of Tourism in Mozambique 2004-2013, (2004), was the business modern management approaches, tourism towards to product service quality and conservation, rehabilitation of wildlife in specific areas, co-operation with the neighbouring countries to consolidate and expand conservations areas, promote professional hunting industry and support communities to actively and effectively participate in tourism process, with the aim of four million arrivals per annum by 2025. The government priority was to reduce poverty and prevalence of HIV infection which even high is still lower than the regional average. This was intended to be done by building country prestige, broadcast possible investments, job opportunities, income generation, developing health and education (Ministry of Tourism, 2004). Seeing that, foreign currency plus capital investment into the tourist destination, permits a faster urban, social, economic regeneration and that worldwide tourism is the industry that employs most people and had shown some ability in adapting quickly to crises that have affected the world economy. Tourism was identified by Mozambique Government as a mean to promote local economic development (Gunn Var, 2002). To minimise the negative effects of the industry on environment and culture, while as well maximi ses the economic and community benefits, the tourism policy is guided by the Tourism Law. (2004) which regulates licensing, provides the basis for sustainable growth and criminalises child sexual tourism; Action Plan for Absolute Poverty Reduction (PARPA), (2006) which sets social policies and programs to promote economic growth through tourism; National Tourism Code of Conduct, (2007), elaborated between the Ministry of Tourism and the Mozambique Confederation of Business Association (CTA) (www.sustainabletourismnetwork.co.za, 2010). The objective was to generate new employments for the enhancement of people quality of life; increase the numbers of international visitors and investors by improving the balance of trade; fairly distribute the tourist benefits, and expand the industry in zones that present greatest potential, by providing a more equitable development of the nation, putting the emphasis on the relation between tourism and its environs; in addition for the tourism growt h and for the creation of benefits to its people, the country was seeking for greater national unity through tourism; in order to protect regional architecture, monuments, conserve resources, balance planning of areas, and incentive the development of handcrafts and folklore, the tourism strategic plan recommends protection of cultural and natural resources (Ministry of Tourism, 2004). Conclusion: An analysis of tourism in Mozambique, indicate that existing tourism mix are the beaches and unspoilt interior that offers greatest potential for the development of wildlife market. Conversely, the poor infrastructures contributes for low tourism products and, inhibits investment. Bearing in mind the nation natural resources as the tourism potential (2700 km of tropical coastline with diversity, rare ecological systems and rich historic cultural heritage), shall be said that the coastline is unplanned and uncontrolled becoming then, the biggest threat for the tourism sector. Moreover, the actions taken by the private business that are mainly interested in the immediate circumstances and profits, exclude factors of the market such as the preservation of public goods (parks, historic sites, beaches, infrastructures), externalities (simultaneous production and consumption of tourism, which restrict access to the coastal land, fishing and historic places) and external costs (not reflecte d like as the opportunity costs), causing the inability of the market system Market failures. Which prevent the nations achievement of the economic efficiency and reflect the social costs. The key factors for Mozambique tourism planning are political, economic and social. Its success or failure depends upon all organism together being able to share and achieve goals that would be difficult to achieve by themselves. Rylance in Spenceley, (2008) argues that there are differences between the policy and practices of tourism-led LED in Mozambique. Although, admits that there is a lack of statistical data for a firm conclusion. Nonetheless, the fact of government investment in megaprojects that do not generate social benefits may indicate a deviation from the key principle of the strategic plan: the business modern management approaches and the perspective of development first instead of tourism first (Burns, 1999). In conclusion, it may be said that tourism in Mozambique is in its early stages. It is very incipient, high levels of corruption, limited in air transport and road accesses, lack of experience and has expensive tourism services and facilities. Still, it can be sa id that it is hard to predict the directions it will take, and if the target arrivals by 2025 are realistic or not; so far there is potential, willingness and the initial steps were taken.

The Western Europe countries

Question 1: It has long been generally assumed that the West (in this case referring to the nation-states of western Europe, such as Spain, England, France, Portugal, and even the Netherlands, that rose to prominence between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries) burst upon the global scene at the turn of the sixteenth century to begin a long-term domination of the rest of the world for at least the next three hundred years. Based on your reading of McNeill, Curtin, Stearns, and relevant primary sources from MyHistoryLab or the Internet History Sourcebook, does this assumption still hold water?Why or why not? The Western Europe countries like, France, Spain, Europe and neighboring countries that rose to power amid 16th and 17th century and burst to commence a long term domination of the rest of the world will continue colonizing those countries for a little while. The assumption made about their rule still holds water. The proposed three hundred years might not be practical but it can be a good estimation for the coming duration. Colonization did not terminate at the point where the countries obtained ‘independence’.These colonizing countries (West) had populated the countries they colonized and their influences are still evident and vivid. The term colonization is broad and means to rule, cultivate, inhabit, practice or even lean against. This is still happening in the countries that they had colonized. Though their direct influence might not be physically visible but their weight can be felt. They constantly deprive these countries their raw materials in name of processing and offering assistance. The flower can appear beautiful but the serpent under it! At times their assistance is not vivid and they do so to gain rather than to aid.They can be considered as cultivating the countries’ lands (resources). They guard and rule them up to date and it can be true to say that this will continue till all the colonized countries become fully ind ependent. Real independence has not arrived and will only come when the countries become fully dependent. They do have at least a say in any organization formed, mineral invented and mostly their claims benefit themselves but not the founders. They have over the centuries dominated the countries or found ways to do so in countries where they were chased from example Somalia (Africa).