Special Focus on Paikgachha Upazila of Khulna District Essay Example for Free

Exceptional Focus on Paikgachha Upazila of Khulna District Essay One of the most significant outside expense is saltiness. On the off chance that we go to ten to fifteen years back in this district, we see that the residential creation of rice, vegetables and other harvest was adequate to fulfill nearby need of this region. There was no shortage of unadulterated drinking water. Various types of rainstorm natural products created at an enormous sum. The characteristic saltiness of soil around there was adequate to develop shrimp. However, because of some childish and benefit creating individuals who make up for lost time salty water from tide-water of waterway to get more shrimp, common saltiness of soil has expanded throughout the most recent decades. Despite the fact that their volume of creation expanded, even the edge of benefit, in truth they are paying more for their occupation for natural corruption. This is a definitive objective of xi this examination paper with the goal that we can know how really they are paying to develop shrimp by including natural expense. 1. 2. Objective The examination means to achieve following target to survey the estimation of lost creation of rice brought about by holding saline water for shrimp development in the investigation zone. 1. 3. Method of reasoning Salinity is a fundamental piece of both soil and water. Like other part of soil and water, a particular proportion of saltiness is required to keep balance in condition. However, holding saline water from stream must effect on both soil and water with other assortment of condition which is exceptionally straightforward case in southern piece of Bangladesh. The primary point of the investigation is to asses whether cultivators of shrimp by holding saline water is profited in since quite a while ago run or not. 1. 4. Research Questions Under the previously mentioned objective the examination will have some exploration addresses which are delineated underneath To know the historical backdrop of saltiness of study region. What amount of land is influenced by saltiness? What amount the creation of rice just as other yield diminishes in the course of the most recent decade? To know the biological difference in study region. Which class of individuals is monetarily increasingly powerless? Quantitative proportion of yield lost because of saltiness. To know the considering nearby individuals in regards to issue and arrangement of saltiness. xii 1. 5. Restrictions of the Study The principle ties to finish a decent research work are time and account. Here this examination isn't out of this restriction. Time designated for achieving this examination isn't all around ok.

Overcoming Fear And Bias As A Clinician Essay Example for Free

Conquering Fear And Bias As A Clinician Essay An extraordinary test that psychological wellness work force in jail offices manage is the setting of their calling. Introduction to indicted criminals, being dependent upon security authorizes and managing people under consistent pressure makes tests an individual’s expert and individual uprightness and ability. The feelings of trepidation and predispositions related with jails and detainees comes from the very idea of wrongdoing and discipline. The booking felt is characteristic and at the equivalent strengthens the social result of abusing laws. As indicated by the Sainsbury Center for Mental Health (2007) it is essential to build up a comprehension of the feelings of trepidation, perspectives, or predispositions identified with jail intercessions and how it influences the collaborations between the advisor, the mediation program and the customer. This is upheld by Ward and Stewart (2003): they accentuate the need to create models and bits of knowledge to the to restorative mediation to all the more likely encourage recovery as well as crinimogenic, social and individual needs of emotional wellness faculty and customers in jail settings. The disposition of emotional wellness staff to the situation of their training, both on an individual and expert level, is basic component in the achievement of treatment and intercessions. The expert preparing of emotional well-being work force expects to carton perspectives to reduce the disgrace as a result of the essential target of treatment to make a methods for rising above the inspiration or conditions that added to acts prompting clients’ feelings (Belenko et al, 2003). In this manner, the psychological wellness expert ought to have the option to survey his own feelings of trepidation, perspectives or inclinations, layout its method of effect on his training and decide the degree of control he has over these components. This requires self-assessment as well as require meeting with different experts and studies managing comparative situations.

DSM-5 PTSD Diagnostic Criteria

DSM-5 PTSD Diagnostic Criteria PTSD Diagnosis Print DSM-5 PTSD Diagnostic Criteria By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 07, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD on November 07, 2019 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children PeopleImages / E+ / Getty Images In This Article Table of Contents Expand Criterion A Criterion B Criterion C Criterion D Criterion E Criterion F Criterion G Criterion H DSM-5 PTSD Diagnosis How DSM-5 Changed View All The criteria for diagnosing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the fifth edition of the  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders  (DSM-5) are somewhat different than the criteria in the fourth edition. Here are the symptom criteria in the DSM-5.?? Criterion A You were exposed to one or more event(s) that involved death or threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or threatened sexual violation. In addition, these events were experienced in one or more of the following ways: You experienced the eventYou witnessed the event as it occurred to someone elseYou learned about an event where a close relative or friend experienced an actual or threatened violent or accidental deathYou experienced repeated exposure to distressing details of an event, such as a police officer repeatedly hearing details about child sexual abuse?? How Traumatic Events Cause PTSD Criterion B You experience at least one of the following intrusive symptoms associated with the traumatic event: Unexpected or expected reoccurring, involuntary, and intrusive upsetting memories of the traumatic eventRepeated upsetting dreams where the content of the dreams is related to the traumatic eventThe experience of some type of dissociation (for example, flashbacks) where you feel as though the traumatic event is happening again??Strong and persistent distress upon exposure to cues that are either inside or outside of your body that is connected to your traumatic eventStrong bodily reactions (for example, increased heart rate) upon exposure to a reminder of the traumatic event Definition of Dissociation for People With PTSD Criterion C Frequent avoidance of reminders associated with the traumatic event, as demonstrated by one of the following: Avoidance of thoughts, feelings, or physical sensations that bring up memories of the traumatic event??Avoidance of people, places, conversations, activities, objects, or situations that bring up memories of the traumatic event How to Anticipate and Manage PTSD Intrusive Thoughts Criterion D At least two of the following negative changes in thoughts and mood that occurred or worsened following the experience of the traumatic event: The inability to remember an important aspect of the traumatic eventPersistent and elevated negative evaluations about yourself, others, or the world (for example, I am unlovable, or The world is an evil place)Elevated self-blame or blame of others about the cause or consequence of a traumatic event??A negative emotional state (for example, shame, anger, or fear) that is pervasiveLoss of interest in activities that you used to enjoyFeeling detached from othersThe inability to experience positive emotions (for example, happiness, love, joy) The Relationship Between PTSD and Depression Criterion E At least two of the following changes in arousal that started or worsened following the experience of a traumatic event: Irritability or aggressive behaviorImpulsive or self-destructive behavior??Feeling constantly on guard or like danger is lurking around every corner (or hypervigilance)Heightened startle responseDifficulty concentratingProblems sleeping Hypervigilance as a Symptom of PTSD Criterion F The above symptoms last for more than one month. Criterion G The symptoms bring about considerable distress and/or interfere greatly with a number of different areas of your life. Criterion H The symptoms are not due to a medical condition or some form of substance use.?? DSM-5 PTSD Diagnosis In order to be diagnosed with PTSD according to the DSM-5, you need to meet the following: Criterion AOne symptom (or more) from Criterion BOne symptom (or more) from Criterion CTwo symptoms (or more) from Criterion DTwo symptoms (or more) from Criterion ECriteria F through H How DSM-5 Changed The biggest change in the DSM-5 is removing PTSD from the category of anxiety disorders and putting it in a classification called Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders.?? Other key changes include: More clearly defining what kind of events are considered traumatic in Criterion AAdding different types of exposure in Criterion AIncreasing the number of symptom groups from three to four by separating avoidance symptoms into their own group (Criterion C)Changing the wording of some of the symptoms from DSM-IVAdding a new set of criteria for children aged 6 or youngerEliminating the acute and chronic phasesIntroducing a new specifier called dissociative features?? You can review the rationale behind these changes, as well as look at other changes in the DSM-5, at the website for the  American Psychiatric Association  (APA). An Overview of PTSD

Texting While Driving Is A Problem - 904 Words

Nowadays, cellular devices are a necessity for the most people in daily lives. People can take their phone anywhere they want to go. Everyone uses them as a means for communication via voice, text, sound, and video. Text messaging while driving has a severe the negative effect on drivers ability to maintain a central lane position, or more serious those cause can death on the road. Texting while driving can be compared to driving while being drunk. The author asserts that 30.2 million persons aged 21 years or older had driven under the influence of alcohol at least once during the past year. (Dubois, et al). As a result, many accidents have taken place by the most of teenagers and adults people who are driving while being drunk in the United States. Therefore, texting while driving is a growing problem in the United States that should be taken more serious. Why do people text and drive? Many people have been asking this question. They always used their phones every day in lives, but most of the teenagers and adults they cannot be concentrated anything while they driving on the road via texting, Facebooking, and Skyping. In addition, texting and driving are a very dangerous thing for everyone and the other people around them. Taking your phone out in the car creates a little bit of distraction while they driving, and it could make everyone from a serious risk of death or an injury from a crash on the road. In reality, we will never know the true reason people text andShow MoreRelatedTexting While Driving Is A Problem955 Words   |  4 PagesMany people refuse to accept the fact that, texting while driving is one of the biggest problem in the United States, they are always checking their emails, messages, while they are driving, they will reply back to the text messages, when they know it is very dangerous for them, for the passengers in the car, for other drivers on the road, and also for those that walking on the sidewalk. Texting while driving causes great amount of car accidents every year. 10% of drivers of all ages under the ageRead MoreThe Problem Of Texting While Driving Essay2490 Words   |  10 Pagesfrom the world around us. This becomes most apparent when we look at the problem of texting while driving. Often, we see on the news people losing their lives, taking someone else’s life, injuring others or themselves because they were texting and driving. Texting while driving is extremely dangerous and will continue to get worse until we begin to take personal responsibility to stop it. As early as 2006 and well before, texting has become a very popular thing among American adults and teenagers. TheRead MoreTexting While Driving As A Social Problem1575 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Where R U?† Texting While Driving The use of cell phones while driving has become a serious threat to society. Texting is especially dangerous because of the attention it demands from our eyes, hands, fingers and brain. Despite laws, media campaigns and prevention awareness programs, texting while driving still, raising the question of â€Å"Why do people do it?† Society has become aware of the social problem and that this behavior exist and labels them as social problems. Texting while driving will be discussedRead MoreConsequences of Texting behind the Wheel Essay828 Words   |  4 PagesDrivers who were texting were 23.2 times more likely to crash to those who weren’t texting (Cell Phones and Texting). The increasing amount of crashes caused from texting and driving and growing and becoming more of a problem. Distracted driving is an increasing problem in the United States resulting in many accidents, but a solution to the problem would be banning cellphones while driving. Distracted driving is such an increasing problem in the U.S. that there are laws against driving distracted. InRead MoreTexting and Driving Essay1001 Words   |  5 Pages 2013). A war is waging on throughout the streets of America. Everyday people risk their lives by driving. The enemy? Texting while driving. It is the act of composing, sending, or reading text messages while behind the wheels of a running vehicle. Driving under this influence is extremely careless and dangerous to others and is likely to cause accidents resulting in injuries or deaths. This problem is on the rise because the only ones with the power to make an impact against ending this war areRead MoreTexting And Driving Is Wrong921 Words   |  4 PagesTexting and driving is something that causes many accidents on the roads. Everyone knows that texting and driving is wrong and could cause an accident. Since that texting and driving is a potentially dangerous behavior, that every single driver behind the wheel knows, but does I anyways because of the deviant behavior and mindset towards texting and driving. When you text and drive you are knowingly taking a risk of an accident because of how texting distracts a person from driving properly. TextingRead MoreTexting While Driving And Driving993 Words   |  4 PagesTexting while Driving â€Å"Text messaging †¦ had the longest duration of eyes-off-road time of 4.6 seconds at a six second interval. This equates to a driver traveling the length of a football field at 55 miles per hour without looking at the roadway.† This statement was made by the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute when they did a texting while driving study (â€Å"Skip Menu†). Texting while driving has become a large problem in the United States and it is growing. There are about 1,600,000 accidentsRead MoreText Messaging and Persuasive Speech Outline1122 Words   |  5 PagesPersuasive Speech Outline on â€Å"Texting while driving† March 21st, 2013 I. Introduction A. The main premise of my argument is that no one for whatever reason should be texting while driving. B: Defining the issue: Distracted driving while texting 1. Texting and driving 2. Lack of concentration, losing focus on driving 3. Looking at texts and not paying attention to the surroundings scenery C: Standing on this issue? All drivers need to be aware of distracted driving and take steps to minimizeRead MoreThere’s No Surviving if Texting While Driving Essay996 Words   |  4 Pages Just imagine driving down the road, seeming as if there are no cares in the world; one second later a child runs out in front of the car, but no one sees him because their eyes are glued to their cell phones. An innocent life has just been lost because a click of a button. Some people do not realize how dangerous texting and driving can really be. Most people consider themselves to be great at multitasking; well, when it comes to texting and driving, no one can really predict what the outcome couldRead MoreTexting And Driving Is A Good Thing Essay1248 Words   |  5 Pagestheir phone. Texting and driving is one of the most daring things people can do on the road now a days. It is a tragic practice in the United States that needs to be stopped. It’s taking many lives of peoples family and friends around the United States today. This phenomenon of texting and driving exists and it isn t a good thing. Although many people would agree that texting and driving isn t a safe act many still do it. Most people feel discluded from the texting while driving danger and believe

Time Is An Illusion, By Albert Einstein - 1355 Words

â€Å"Time is an illusion.† – Albert Einstein â€Å"How may the experience of time be so intimately familiar, while the concept of time so resistant to verbal description[?]† – J.T. Fraser I laid shivering and trembling uncontrollably on the MRI table as I heard the voice of a young technician telling me over an intercom to â€Å"stay as still as possible, otherwise we’ll have to repeat the tests again.† He monotonically assured me that â€Å"it should take about 45 minutes to an hour† to produce a full MRI, MRA, and angiogram of my brain. As I was slowly entered into the impossibly tight machine, I closed my eyes and began to mentally keep track of time. One minute†¦two minutes†¦nine minutes. Early into the test however, my time keeping was unnoticeably overrun by anxious thoughts. What if they actually find a tumor in my head? What then? At the very least I’ll finally have an explanation for the past few months. I suddenly realized that I had unmindfully stopped counting the minutes and had lost track of time. Shit! How long have I been in here? I think I was at nine minutes, or was it 19? No, it couldn’t have been that lo ng. I felt an overwhelming sense of panic started to build up, and had became increasingly frightened. I could not distinguish if a moment lasted for a few seconds or for a few minutes, and I didn’t dare opening my eyes. The notion of â€Å"time keeping† is so engraved into our everyday lives as human beings that it becomes difficult to objectively extract one solid definition.Show MoreRelatedThe Physics Of Albert Einstein1284 Words   |  6 PagesRobbie Patio BIO 101 Professor Dartley 4/16/15 Albert Einstein Most people know who Albert Einstein is and how great of a physicist he was, yet many aren’t aware that Albert Einstein had not even finished high school! Most would think that a person who doesn’t complete high school is dumb, and lazy. The fact is, Einstein did not complete high school, not because he was dumb or lazy. At the age of 15, he quit high school because he did not agree with the way the teachers taught. He thought that theRead MoreReligion and Psychology Essay example729 Words   |  3 Pagesof God or the nature of an afterlife are often ignored by scientists. This may be in part a hesitation to face politically sensitive and philosophically difficult issues, or the methodological limitations of modern research techniques. At the same time psychological researchers are avoiding the fusion of religion and psychology, so are religious organizations. Religion once feared psychologys tendency to view God as nothing but the projection of the idealized father (Ciarrocchi, 2000). Many religionsRead MoreEssay on There Is a Fine Line Between Reality and Illusion1198 Words   |  5 Pages‘There is a fine line between reality and illusion’ How can we distinguish between reality and illusion? Is reality an illusion, or is an illusion simply reality? Albert Einstein once stated that ‘reality is merely an illusion, albeit a very persistent one’. The statement suggests that what we interpret to be real may well be an illusion and this is evidenced mainly through dreams and aspirations. For example if someone has dreamt of one day being a doctor their reality, which is described asRead MoreWho Is The Only Source Of Knowledge Is Experience?976 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The only source of knowledge is experience†(Albert Einstein). This is a famous quote from Albert Einstein saying that all of our knowledge comes from experiences that we have thought out our entire life, and we learn from these experiences to shape our decisions and actions. Our actions and decisions are decided by our brain through what we have learned and experienced to chose what is right and what is wrong. The Brain is a huge network s of neurons that send signals to different parts to achieveRead MoreDiscover the Hidden Reality in The Great Gatsby Essay1071 Words   |  5 Pageslogical way to the discovery of these elemental laws. There is only the way of intuition, which is helped by a feeling for the order lying behind appearance.† Said Albert Einstein about the relationship between appearance and reality. Einstein is telling the readers that people are discovering new things that were hidden behind illusions of what had appeared. Humans have to use hat feeling to see threw those appearances to discover the elements that form the reality they live in. Scott Fitzgerald usesRead More The Union of Science and Religion through Isaac Newton Essay1601 Words   |  7 Pagesinspired him to make many of the greatest scientific discoveries in the history of man. Newton discovered gravity, explained the motion of planets, and knew how to turn white light into a rainbow. He wrote one of the greatest scientific wo rks of all time: The Principia. Newton believed that religion and science went hand in hand and did his scientific work to bring light to the creation of God. He wanted to leave a lasting impression of the glory of God in peoples lives by uncovering the mysteriesRead MoreEinsteins Dreams2185 Words   |  9 PagesAlan Lightmans Einsteins Dreams For those of us who believe in physics, this separation between past, present, and future is only an illusion, however tenacious. Albert Einstein For sure, one of the most important and discussed man of the 20th century is Albert Einstein - may be the most eminent German Jew. And many were the authors trying to describe the life and deeds of this prominent man. But one surely differs from the others in NOT trying to describe Einsteins life but imagineRead MoreWays of Seeing1748 Words   |  7 Pages which already enjoys the product. Here comes the concept of glamour. Glamour, as defined by Virginia Postrel, â€Å"is that phenomenon, which invites us into its world but doesn’t give us a completely clear picture†. John Berger links this state of illusion with publicity saying, ‘the state of being envied is what constitutes glamour. And publicity is the process of manufacturing glamour.’ Thus, glamour, jealousy and publicity form a boundless circle. Scrutinizing the relationship between publicityRead MoreA World Too Dependant on Technology912 Words   |  4 Pageshumankind’s association with it increases even more. First of all, people are becoming more and more dependant on the availability of information. When seeking information, most people would use the internet rather than searching in a book. Many times the information on the World Wide Web will be inaccurate or does not appear on the internet. Although utilizing the internet for online resources is readily available, most of the content is usually unchecked or moderated by an expert. Books can offerRead MoreEssay about Rene Descartes Impact on the Scientific Method923 Words   |  4 Pagesexpressed in Descartes Meditation I : It is now some years since I detected how many were the false beliefs that I had from my earliest youth admitted as true, and how doubtful was everything I had since constructed on this basis; and from that time I was convinced that I must once for all seriously undertake to rid myself of all the opinions which I had formerly accepted, and commence to build anew from the foundation, if I wanted to establish any frame and permanent structure in the sciences

Discussion of the Great Gatsby Setting Free Essays

Setting is one of the important elements and crucial parts in any literary pieces. It tells much about the world where the characters exist in. Moreover, it is important because it is the basis for the readers to judge the believability of the novel (Morgan). We will write a custom essay sample on Discussion of the Great Gatsby Setting or any similar topic only for you Order Now The author added that the â€Å"the type of world†¦ will determine the reactions and behaviors of your characters. † The setting will also reflect the social mores of a particular culture. The setting is a very important tool in Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby because it exposes the characters. Moreover, the setting emphasizes the character traits and themes which give meaning to the critical events. The novel has four settings. These are the West Egg, East Egg, New York City and the valley of ashes. Subsettings also exist within these major settings. East Egg is the more fashionable area of Long Island where the rich live. West Egg, on the other hand, is the less fashionable area of Long Island. The Valley of Ashes is a desolate wasteland while New York City is the place symbolizing America during the 1920s: anything goes in New York City. This is where affairs and parties are held These four major settings give the readers an idea about the values of the people who work or live there. For example, Nick ended up in West Egg because he did not have the money to purchase a house in East Egg. Gatsby is also in West Egg because his present credentials are not acceptable in East Egg. As a result, Nick left and Gatsby was ruined. The novel’s major settings correspond to a particular type of character or theme. For instance, West Egg is like Gatsby. It symbolizes the new rich and the aristocracy during the 1920s. East Egg is like the Buchanans, who enjoy high social status, are wealthy and powerful. The valley of ashes, on the other hand, is like George Wilson, desperate, without hope and reflects the American’s society’s moral decay. New York City is chaos, with its parties and affairs. How to cite Discussion of the Great Gatsby Setting, Papers

The Chinese One Child Policy, Its Origin and Effects

Introduction One child policy is a measure that was adopted by the Chinese government in order to control the country’s population growth. As a family planning method, the one child policy was adopted by the highly populated country to limit the number of children that married couples are allowed to have.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Chinese One Child Policy, Its Origin and Effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper seeks to discuss the Chinese one child policy. The paper will look into the origin of the one child policy in china, its enforcement, reaction of the Chinese people towards the policy, effects that the policy has had in china as well as possible future effects of the policy in the people’s republic of China. The Chinese one child policy The one child policy as adopted in the people’s republic of China was introduced in the year 1979. The aim of the Chinese one child policy was to control the country’s population which was seen as a threat to the country’s resources. In its application of the policy, the government of China strived to persuade its citizens into accepting the policy by offering appealing incentives to people to convince them to yield to the government’s population policy. The application of the policy has also emphasized on discouraging Chinese â€Å"citizens from having more than one child† (University of Florida, 2009, p. 1) Origin of the one child policy in china The Chinese one child policy was a sort of condition that was meant to counter the then Chinese problem of high population growth rate. There had been previous perceptions by Chinese leaders such as Zedong that the might of a country was measured by the size of the country’s population. With respect to this opinion, Chinese people were encouraged to increase their birth rate with the aim of developing a stronger nation. Th e call for a larger population was seemingly received positively in the country since by the year 1953, the growth rate of the country’s population had sent alarming indicators and calls were made for population control (Boden, 2008, p. 104). The impact of the population burst together with industrial revolution that was felt at the time then led for call to change Chinese population patterns. The government in its aim to provide quality services to its people also identified the management of the large population as a key to achieving development objectives of the then government (Greenhalgh, 2008, p. 45).Advertising Looking for research paper on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the middle of the twentieth century, as china was undergoing economic recovery together with established peace and the then industrialization atmosphere, the high birth rates called for solutions as women were interested in working an d supporting the industrial revolution yet they had the burden of carrying pregnancies and taking care of their young ones. The then seemingly lack of knowledge among the Chinese women on how to control their child bearing led to their call for government assistance towards family planning. Further problems arose as a result of increased population as the government was being pressed with the responsibility of â€Å"employing, educating, feeding and housing† (Greenhalgh, 2008, p. 45) the large population. The initial solution to the Chinese population problem was first thought to be a simultaneous â€Å"population growth, along with economic and social developments† (Greenhalgh, 2008, p. 45) which was proposed by people like Mao Zedong. The intensity of strain of the population on facilities however increased and opinions about family planning were considered. The developments then led to the government taking the responsibility of directly controlling the country†™s population. Research by the socialist government into the Chinese population structure then led to adoption of â€Å"state birth planning† in which the government had control of the number of children that were born (Greenhalgh, 2008, p. 47). Attempts to control the Chinese growing population started in the 1960s with measures such as â€Å"production of contraceptives and massive media campaigns promoting late marriage, low birth rates and the use of intrauterine devices† (IML, 2007, p. 1) among other steps to control fertility and birth rates in the country (IML, 2007, p. 1). Further considerations by the government, after intensive research, led to the adoption of the one child policy in the people’s republic of china in the year 1979. The policy which was aimed at helping the government to reduce the country’s capacity to a level that it could adequately support had three main agendas: â€Å"delayed marriage and delayed child bearing, fewer and healthier births and one child per couple† (Learner, n.d., p. 1). The policy was however applied selectively. Its application depended on whether a person was staying in an urban or rural area among other factors (University of Florida, 2009, p. 1) Implementation of the one child policy in China The implementation of the policy was not hard in urban areas as people were already under a lot of strain regarding social services. There was already shortage in accommodation facilities in china at the time and this made the child policy a welcomed idea because people saw it as a solution to the then housing crisis in Chinese urban centers. The Chinese government, which was the main employer in the urban centers, also ensured monitoring of its employees into the implementation of the policy.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Chinese One Child Policy, Its Origin and Effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn Mor e The implementation of the policy was therefore considered to be smooth in urban areas. Challenges were however met in rural areas regarding the implementation of the one child policy. Poverty was one of the challenges that the policy faced in rural areas. Contrary to the opinion that poor families would opt for fewer children that they could afford to support, the Chinese peasants saw children as a future source of income that would support their parents in old age. Children were also a source of labor to their parents in farms and limiting the number of children to one would deprive the parents of this labor force. Another challenge that faced the policy in rural areas was security that parents require during their old age in terms of material provisions and physical company. The culture that children get married and women leave their parents to stay with their husbands led to a preference of boys by Chinese rural residents. A couple that was not yet blessed with a boy child wo uld therefore not easily yield to a concept of family planning; leave alone a one child policy. Harsh conditions were however laid on citizens who failed to comply with the one child policy in terms of levies (IML, 2008, p. 1). The implementation of the one child policy was also seen to be forceful as the government considered non compliance to be more of a constitutional offence. Couples who failed to honor the government’s initiative of having only one child were severely fined depending on where they lived. Fines that went as high as thousands of dollars were laid upon couples who conceived after their first child and cases of forced abortions were reported in the country as the government tried to enforce the policy. Softer implementation measures such as granting â€Å"longer maternity leave and other benefits to couples that delayed childbearing† (Fitzpatrick, 2009, p. 1) as well as recognition of couples â€Å"who volunteered to have one child† (Fitzpatri ck, 2009, p. 1) were also employed in the implementation of the policy (Fitzpatrick, 2009, p. 1). Cartier (2001) indicated that the Chinese one child policy implementation was not uniform. The way in which the policy was implemented together with its â€Å"acceptance and results† varied from one geographical region to another (Cartier, 2001, p. 187). People in agriculturally dominated rural areas were, for example, â€Å"allowed to have two children† (Cartier, 2001, p. 187) per couple. Further exemptions were made to the policy if a couple’s first child was a girl, giving couples another chance to search for a boy child. The implementation was with this respect gender biased as it showed regard to boy child and not to girl child. It represented the girl child as of lower value by giving preference to the boy child only (Cartier, 2001, p. 187).Advertising Looking for research paper on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reactions of the Chinese people towards the one child policy The issue of one child policy brought about a lot of reaction from the Chinese people. Some of the witnessed reactions were steps to avoid penalties that government agencies laid on people who violated the policy, or to try to suite the government’s policy while some were just intended to criticize the policy. One of the reactions of the Chinese people towards the introduction and the implementation of the one child policy was the abandonment or killing of children that were born contrary to the policy, or that according to parents were not favorable to the policy. The cause of this reaction was based on the traditional preference of male children to female children and cases of accidental pregnancies. Couples would, for example, have their first child but throw it away or kill for being a girl. The tradition in Chinese communities gave value to male children and parents for this reason felt obliged to comply with t he one child policy while at the same time, they felt that they had to have a male child. The end result was killing or abandoning children if they were not boys. Unplanned pregnancies after a first child also resulted in abortions as couples tried to escape penalties of non compliance to the one child policy (Daniel, n.d., p. 1). Impacts of the Chinese one child policy The immediate impact of the one child policy was the reduced population growth rate in the country. The birth rate in china was significantly reduced from its rate in the year 1979 which was recorded at 2.9 to its 1.4 as recorded in the year 2004. The reduction in population growth rate was a success to the government that introduced the one child policy with the aim o f controlling the Chinese population that was growing at an alarming rate. Chinese census that was conducted in the year 2000 revealed that the policy had been successful in controlling hundreds of millions of child births. Critics have however pointed out that the reduced birth rates realized in china is not purely attributable to the one child policy of the year 1979. There had been other measures in china that had been established to help the country control its population growth. Policies that advocated for â€Å"later child bearing, greater spacing between children and fewer children† (Hesketh, 2005, p. 1) had been effective in reducing the Chinese population growth rate prior to the introduction of the one child policy. Critics have argued that policies that preceded the one child policy were considerably more successful that the famous one child policy. Before the introduction of the one child policy in the year 1979, the population growth rate had been successfully reduced from its rate of over six to about 5.9 in the 1970. The introduction of population control policies after the year 1970 further reduced the growth rate from 5.9 in the year 1970 down to about three in the year 1979 (Hesketh, 2005, p. 1). The one child policy together with influence prior policies therefore contributed to the final reduction of the rate from its value in the year 1979 down to its current approximation of about 1.7. It can thus be argued that the reduction in population growth rate might have still been realized even in the absence of the one child policy. This view would cast a negative image on the policy makers who introduced the policy and called for its enforcement owing to the fact that most citizens, especially in rural areas, had contrary opinions to the demand of the policy. The sufferings and humiliations such as fines and forced abortions together with child murders and abandonments, which were realized as a result of the policy, would therefore have not been necessary as the fall in growth rate would still be realized subject to the earlier policies (Hesketh, 2005, p. 1). Another impact of the one child policy in the Chinese population system is the increased ratio disparity between males and fema les. Owing to the traditional believes and preference of male children among the people of china, the limitation on the number of children that a couple are allowed to have has led to keenness on the sex of a child born to any particular couple. In urban areas where the number of children is restricted to one per couple for example, the desire and preference of male children as compared to female children and the availability of ultrasonography has allowed couples to screen and determine the sex of an expected child. The effect of knowing that the unborn baby is a girl often leads to abortion in order to retain the one chance of child bearing for a boy child. The same case was evidenced in rural areas especially after first born of couples. Since couples in these areas are allowed to have a second child if the first one happens to be a girl, emphases are put to ensure that the second birth is a boy. Any contrary indication, which can be detected through screening, results in abortio n. The policy has therefore fueled gender discrimination that has been against women as they were considered to be of less value as compared to men. The direct expression of this view over women and girls could have been a discouragement to young women as they felt unappreciated in the society. The increased gender disparity in terms of numbers also pose a social threat to societies as men will grow to find a deficit of women with whom new families can be established. There is therefore a looming fear of unmarried men in china in future as the number of men is expected to be very high as compared to that of women (Hesketh, 2005, p. 1). A secondary impact of the one child policy that reduced birth rate in China is the population ageing that has been noted in the country with more of it predicted to be witnessed in future. The effect of economic developments in china has led to vast improvements in social services that have led to improved living standards in the country. Improved hea lth services as provided by the government has also contributed to better health care leading to increased life expectancy in the country. The reduced birth rate that has been realized in china, coupled with increased life expectancy has resulted in a situation where the number of young people is gradually decreasing while the number of the old in the country is on the increase. A normally stable population experiences a constant ratio of all demographic age groups since natural occurrences of death and birth rates cancel one another. A contrary observation is however made when both birth rate and death rate are on the decline subject to factors such as increased life expectancy. The effect of the reduced birth rate and death rate in the Chinese population for example has resulted in a majority of the population being composed of the elderly (Kaneda, 2011, p. 1). The trend of the Chinese demographic pattern is expected to worsen with the percentage of the elderly projected to increa se from less than ten percent in the year 2006 to about twenty four percent in the next four and a half decades. The population ageing, as a result of the reduced birth rate and coupled with increased life expectancy also has a variety of impacts that can be significantly attributed to the one child policy’s reduced birth rate. One of the effects of the population ageing is the increased pressure on health services as required by the increasing number of the elderly. Health problems that are associated with old age are expected to be on the increase following increased number of the elderly. The resulting increased cost of taking care of these old people will be a strain to the government especially when the working force decrease due to population ageing causing a lapse in the country’ economy (Kaneda, 2011, p. 1). Similarly, the change in Chinese demographic pattern leading to population aging has a direct effect on the country’s economic status. Couples being forced to have one child mean that in their old age, they will only have this one person to look up to for care and support. At the same time, the undersupplied economy in terms of labor force will also be depending on this same person to work in the economy. The end result is a shortage in labor force in the economy as well as strained facilities for taking care of the elderly. The economy is going to be strained in the sense that in every place of two people who will be getting old and leaving the labor force, there will be a lesser corresponding fraction getting into the labor force due to reduced birth rate. Similarly, the elderly need for attention and someone to take care of them will also be faced with a challenge as their sole respective children will be involved in economic activities trying to obtain finances to support both themselves and their old parent. The overall impact then lays on the government whose responsibility includes ensuring that the elderly are taken car e of. The government will then be forced to offer services for the elderly as the young ones work in the economy. This will consequently strain the government due to increased expenditure on the economically inactive old people and reduced labor force due to the ageing population (Kaneda, 2011, p. 1). Possible solutions to negative impacts of the one child policy The one child policy has been associated with effects that are not favorable to the country’s economic and even social aspects. One of the steps that can be taken to counter these problems is â€Å"loosening fertility restrictions to allow more births† (Banister, 2009, p. 29). Reduced restriction would allow for more children who will in future fill the gaps left in labor force as well as participate in caring for the elderly. Establishing funds to provide services to the elderly as well as enacting rules that put legal responsibility of daughters who are single children to take care of their parents in old ag e. This will shift the government’s expenditure from social services for the elderly to other national development programs (Banister, 2009, p. 29). Conclusion The establishment of the one child policy in china in the year 1979 seemed to have been a misinformed policy. This is because of a number of reasons that starts from the fact that the reduced birth rate in the country was more significant before the adoption of the policy as compared to after its adoption when birth rate stabilized. The policy has therefore failed to achieve its objective that was to reduce population growth rate. On the other hand, the policy has brought a number of negative side effects like government’s oppression on couples who failed to comply with the policy, abortions, increased gender imbalance ratio as well as disregard to female children. This paper therefore holds the conclusion that the Chinese one child policy was not a good policy. References Banister, J. 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[Online] available fro m http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/fall07/Henneberger/History.html . Kaneda, T. (2011) China’s concern over population aging and health. [Online] available from http://www.prb.org/Articles/2006/ChinasConcernOverPopulationAgingandHealth.aspx . Learner. (n.d.) Some facts: China’s â€Å"one child† policy. [Online] available from http://www.learner.org/libraries/makingmeaning/makingmeaning/support/1childa.pdf . University of Florida. (2009) China facts: population-one child policy. [Online] available from http://cero11.cise.ufl.edu/~webmaster/Learning_Modules/FACT/content/FACT_population_one_child.html . This research paper on The Chinese One Child Policy, Its Origin and Effects was written and submitted by user Beige Bug to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.