Analysis Of Tourism In Mozambique Tourism Essay

Analysis Of Tourism In Mozambique Tourism Essay The energy crisis and global recession, in 1973/4 highlighted the structural deficiencies in the third world economies. The need of foreign exchange and employment, along with the concerns of inequalities, leakages and constant levels of poverty (Sharpley Telfer, 2002). Even so, in the past two decades the Sub-Saharan Africa tourism has experienced a remarkable growth, a difference from 1.5% in 1970 to 4.5% in 2003 and is expected that the Africas share will increase to 5% of total international arrivals by 2020. Although, Mozambique tourism sector could not benefit from this recovery, because the two wars had occurred in between, a period that other nations including the neighbouring have managed to develop their own tourism industry. This essay is to explain the key factors that may contribute to the success or failure of tourism planning. Conscientious about planning different terminology and thoughts, a range of illustrations and description that applies to Mozambiques tourism p lan (history, political, economy, social and development), and its aims will help a better understanding around the topic. Planning The absence of planning may cause unregulations, leading to a range of negative socio-economic and environmental impacts. So, in order to create and respond to the tourism concerns it is important to include a rational plan (Mason, 2003). Different approaches of planning have been presented: Boosterism; Economic; Physical/Spatial; Sustainable; Community and so on. Kadt, (1979), noted that the consequences of tourism planning are a result of the nations overall political economy, because it is what will determine the equality in the distribution of tourism benefits. Nonetheless, planning is a process for anticipation and implementation of changes that would maximize positive developments (William, 1998, cited by Mason, 2003). However, Mason, (2003) argued that planning is a very complex term and can be applied in many contexts, for example: in relation to individuals, groups, organisations and governments, but at same time to different geographic areas (urban, rural), or as well at lo cal, regional and national levels. In accordance, Cullingsworth, (1997:5, cited by Hall, 2008) stated that planning is also, a sort of decision and policy making because they are connected and interrelated, planning is the process where goals are set and policies are made to implement them. However, it deals with interdependent and systematic decisions, rather than individual decisions. Many activities in the process cannot be isolated (bargaining, negotiation, politics, values) and the process of planning is only one part of the overall plan. Therefore, planning is more complex than Drors (1973) perspective of set of decisions for actions in future (Hall, 2008). Besides, various such as Mason, (2003); McCabe et al., (2000:235) argued that the important is the process element of the plan, as it provides direction by enabling individuals to indentify the path that is to be taken and the outcomes or end results. On the other hand, Gunn, (1998) argued that by focussing on the physical design, there is a risk of failure in recognising the key principles of the planning process; the fundamentals that originated its creations, but he also added that by focussing on the process of planning rather than considering the product itself may possibly lead to planning being considered vague and theoretical. Destination case study: Historical Tourism has been important to Mozambican economy since the Portuguese colonial period and was developed around three themes: sun and sea, wildlife and urban (dynamic environment). During the colonial period the Mozambique tourist arrivals were mainly from southern Africa and Portugal and were close to 400,000. However, since the colonial war conflict in 1973, tourism infrastructure and several animal species were destroyed, therefore the number of tourist and the tourism activity declined (Visser, 2004). After the peace-accord in 1992 initiatives to recovery the tourism industry has been applied (Sun, Sand and Sea, complemented by Eco-tourism; Culture; Water sports, Adventure and Urban Tourism). Political Frelimo has been in power since the countrys independence from Portugal in 1975 and has the majority of the parliamentary seats 191 out of 250. In 1990 a new constitution that provided for multipartysm was implement (www.news.bbc.co.uk, 2010). The country shift from one-party autocracy to multi-party democracy. Implemented institutional reforms for the re-schedulling of debt and loans; it open up to the markets by adopting adjustment measures of liberalisation which included public/private cooperation (Kulipossa, 2006). There was a shift from centralised government approach based in a dictator state where single decisions were made and all the infrastructure belonged to the state (horizontal policy coordination across Ministries), to a decentralised approach (vertical policy coordination between different levels of govern) where the power of management was shared with regional and local levels since they were better positioned to deal with local needs and more able to implement polic ies and integrating the communities as part of the process . The government decided to open the nation market to private sector as they were better financially to build and reconstruct the infrastructures that were in need and because of their ability to bring foreign exchange to the country. Even the govern of Mozambique being responsible for Tourism Policy and Implementation Strategy, is still fragile in experience and financial resources. To reduce the existing gap of linking policies with the actions, the nations government are dependent of foreign help, needing to defer the responsibility of tourism recovery, national or local economic development to the Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and Associations, (Rylance in Spenceley, 2008). Economy According to Rylance in Spenceley, (2008:29), the nation economy varies from inefficiency, poor infrastructure and high levels of corruption, which discourage foreign investment. Nevertheless, between 1993-2004 there was a growth of 7.2 GDP, an annual average of 8 per cent over the last decade. Additionally, there was a decrease on annual inflation from more than 54 per cent in 1995 to 13.5 per cent in 2003 and 9.1 per cent in 2004. Despite the achievements Mozambique remains one of the poorest countries in the world. The per capita income in 2004 was equal to $320 (UNDO, 2004 cited by Rylance in Spencely, 2008:29). Furthermore, the country remains very dependent of international help through donations and is largely dependent of the agriculture sector which employs 83 per cent of the population and is responsible of 80 per cent of the exporters and for 26 percent of national GDP (SNV Mozambique, 2007:3 cited by Rylance in Spencely, 2008). The influence and power of negotiation is we akened by the nations vulnerability and dependency upon a greater number of foreign companies. On the other hand, Mozambique governments have been accused of problems of corruption on the legislation and collection of revenues. Critics assert that Mozambique is pursuing mega projects that do not generate social benefit (www.news.bbc.co.uk, 2010). Nonetheless, during 2006 the tourism sector generated revenues around US$ 144 million, it is expected that the industry will became one of the major foreign exchange earner as it is increasing in its foreign investment (Jossai, 2010). Social: It has been recognised that as an economic sector, tourism has both positive and negative impacts over the society. However, with an adequate anticipation and implementation of strategic plan tourism can be developed with reduced impact in the natural areas: the several benefits of the industry upon the society can be maximised, and the disadvantages can be minimised or even eliminated. With this understanding Mozambican policies and planning developers have adopted sustainable actions aspiring a balance in the tourism development, humans, animals and ecological communities. The focus was to reduce poverty by adopting tourism sector as a tool for development, either by local supply of services and goods to tourism enterprises or by enterprises employing the poor; plus providing the means for improvement of health, education and sanitary conditions. Though, it may be assumed that the government have failed to provide the right tools for local involvement as it was incapable to support people with training and knowledge to reduce the barriers of getting locals involved in the tourism economies, did not have option than lead it to the NGOs and associations that have started to do so (Rylance in Spenceley, 2008). This is due to the government lack of capacity and low involvement in implementing and manage policies. Moreover, the shortage of available finance for small enterprises and the time needed to start a business, discourages the majority of locals from contributing to the sector. For example: to open a business in Mozambique it takes on average 153 days (World Bank, 2004 cited by Spenceley, 2008). McEwan, (2004, p7) argues that local tourism enterprises are prevented from getting involved in the business and remain very dependent of foreign investment and international aid. In fact foreign investment involves 70 per cent of the Mozambique tourism projects and local borrowing from banks, has high costs 15 per cent interest in real terms (Rylance in Spenceley, 2008). Development As a reflection of predominance of business travellers, visiting friends/relatives and regional weekend trip of leisure segment, the average stay in Mozambique is around 2.3 days, comparatively low to Kenya 8.4 days average length. There are 2.030 tourist establishments in Mozambique which directly employed over 35.000 people. The southern borders are the visitors main entrance but investors are starting to show some interest in the northern areas (Pemba, Quiribas archipelago and Nacala). In 2001 the number of international tourist arrivals was just about parallel to the visiting numbers during the colonial period. The accommodation sector has a total of 12.000 beds, near 5,000 cope with the luxury standard or 3 star above on the international market. In compare, the city of Cape Town has something like 30,000 beds and Mauritius 19,600 beds. The national air lines are expensive and limited: operating three Boeing B737 which serves domestic connections from Maputo to the other main ci ties of the country (Beira, Nampula, Quelimane, Pemba, Lichinga, Chimoio and Tete) and regional routes to Johannesburg and Dares Salaam (Williams, 2006). The accommodations and tourism facilities (hotels, tourism resorts) are very expensive favourable for the wealthier customers. Furthermore, the human capital (residents, poor people) are mostly employed in low levels jobs such as cleaners and bar staff which reduces their chance of economic benefits as their wages and level is equally low (SNV Mozambique, 2006 cited by Rylance in Spenceley, 2008). The major investors of Mozambiques tourism industry have recognised the uniqueness of the country, that is the fact of being the only in the neighbours that do not have Anglo-Saxon colonial past since was colonized by Portugal, and from the fact of having a mix of cultural environment and rich heritage of Arabic, Swahali, Portuguese and African influences (Williams, 2006). Conversely, as the majority of tourist are English speakers, this advantages is also a barrier since tourist and locals have communication gaps. In addition, the nation has a limited offer of tourism products, constrained to the safaris games products. The investors and tour operates still reluctant in diversify and reach the unexploited areas by developing new tourism products and attract new markets. As a withdrawal affect the country competitiveness with exception of Malawi, is very low in comparison to the bordering neighbours (South Africa, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Suazilandia, Zambia). Although, there are indications of economic improvement since the civil war: increase in the national GDP, reduction of inflation and levels of percentage of poverty however, the wealth distribution of income still irregular by favouring elite groups and elements of government. In addition the country continues dependent on food import and, also vulnerable to the global prices (EIU, 2010). One aspect of the tourism industry is the negative impact that it causes to the destinations. It, has been suggested by many, such as: Kadt, (1979); William, (1998); Mason, (2003); Hall, (2008); Spenceley, (2008), that the destination plan should encompass the tourism alternative approaches. Moreover, even the existence of different plan approaches or reasons of plan, it is assumed that they are imperative for the insurance of pathways to be taken as a mean to anticipate and correct possible events. In this basis, by adopting the national strategic plan for tourism, Mozambique allowed itself for any readjustments if necessary. The focus of the Strategic Plan for the Development of Tourism in Mozambique 2004-2013, (2004), was the business modern management approaches, tourism towards to product service quality and conservation, rehabilitation of wildlife in specific areas, co-operation with the neighbouring countries to consolidate and expand conservations areas, promote professional hunting industry and support communities to actively and effectively participate in tourism process, with the aim of four million arrivals per annum by 2025. The government priority was to reduce poverty and prevalence of HIV infection which even high is still lower than the regional average. This was intended to be done by building country prestige, broadcast possible investments, job opportunities, income generation, developing health and education (Ministry of Tourism, 2004). Seeing that, foreign currency plus capital investment into the tourist destination, permits a faster urban, social, economic regeneration and that worldwide tourism is the industry that employs most people and had shown some ability in adapting quickly to crises that have affected the world economy. Tourism was identified by Mozambique Government as a mean to promote local economic development (Gunn Var, 2002). To minimise the negative effects of the industry on environment and culture, while as well maximi ses the economic and community benefits, the tourism policy is guided by the Tourism Law. (2004) which regulates licensing, provides the basis for sustainable growth and criminalises child sexual tourism; Action Plan for Absolute Poverty Reduction (PARPA), (2006) which sets social policies and programs to promote economic growth through tourism; National Tourism Code of Conduct, (2007), elaborated between the Ministry of Tourism and the Mozambique Confederation of Business Association (CTA) (www.sustainabletourismnetwork.co.za, 2010). The objective was to generate new employments for the enhancement of people quality of life; increase the numbers of international visitors and investors by improving the balance of trade; fairly distribute the tourist benefits, and expand the industry in zones that present greatest potential, by providing a more equitable development of the nation, putting the emphasis on the relation between tourism and its environs; in addition for the tourism growt h and for the creation of benefits to its people, the country was seeking for greater national unity through tourism; in order to protect regional architecture, monuments, conserve resources, balance planning of areas, and incentive the development of handcrafts and folklore, the tourism strategic plan recommends protection of cultural and natural resources (Ministry of Tourism, 2004). Conclusion: An analysis of tourism in Mozambique, indicate that existing tourism mix are the beaches and unspoilt interior that offers greatest potential for the development of wildlife market. Conversely, the poor infrastructures contributes for low tourism products and, inhibits investment. Bearing in mind the nation natural resources as the tourism potential (2700 km of tropical coastline with diversity, rare ecological systems and rich historic cultural heritage), shall be said that the coastline is unplanned and uncontrolled becoming then, the biggest threat for the tourism sector. Moreover, the actions taken by the private business that are mainly interested in the immediate circumstances and profits, exclude factors of the market such as the preservation of public goods (parks, historic sites, beaches, infrastructures), externalities (simultaneous production and consumption of tourism, which restrict access to the coastal land, fishing and historic places) and external costs (not reflecte d like as the opportunity costs), causing the inability of the market system Market failures. Which prevent the nations achievement of the economic efficiency and reflect the social costs. The key factors for Mozambique tourism planning are political, economic and social. Its success or failure depends upon all organism together being able to share and achieve goals that would be difficult to achieve by themselves. Rylance in Spenceley, (2008) argues that there are differences between the policy and practices of tourism-led LED in Mozambique. Although, admits that there is a lack of statistical data for a firm conclusion. Nonetheless, the fact of government investment in megaprojects that do not generate social benefits may indicate a deviation from the key principle of the strategic plan: the business modern management approaches and the perspective of development first instead of tourism first (Burns, 1999). In conclusion, it may be said that tourism in Mozambique is in its early stages. It is very incipient, high levels of corruption, limited in air transport and road accesses, lack of experience and has expensive tourism services and facilities. Still, it can be sa id that it is hard to predict the directions it will take, and if the target arrivals by 2025 are realistic or not; so far there is potential, willingness and the initial steps were taken.

The Western Europe countries

Question 1: It has long been generally assumed that the West (in this case referring to the nation-states of western Europe, such as Spain, England, France, Portugal, and even the Netherlands, that rose to prominence between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries) burst upon the global scene at the turn of the sixteenth century to begin a long-term domination of the rest of the world for at least the next three hundred years. Based on your reading of McNeill, Curtin, Stearns, and relevant primary sources from MyHistoryLab or the Internet History Sourcebook, does this assumption still hold water?Why or why not? The Western Europe countries like, France, Spain, Europe and neighboring countries that rose to power amid 16th and 17th century and burst to commence a long term domination of the rest of the world will continue colonizing those countries for a little while. The assumption made about their rule still holds water. The proposed three hundred years might not be practical but it can be a good estimation for the coming duration. Colonization did not terminate at the point where the countries obtained ‘independence’.These colonizing countries (West) had populated the countries they colonized and their influences are still evident and vivid. The term colonization is broad and means to rule, cultivate, inhabit, practice or even lean against. This is still happening in the countries that they had colonized. Though their direct influence might not be physically visible but their weight can be felt. They constantly deprive these countries their raw materials in name of processing and offering assistance. The flower can appear beautiful but the serpent under it! At times their assistance is not vivid and they do so to gain rather than to aid.They can be considered as cultivating the countries’ lands (resources). They guard and rule them up to date and it can be true to say that this will continue till all the colonized countries become fully ind ependent. Real independence has not arrived and will only come when the countries become fully dependent. They do have at least a say in any organization formed, mineral invented and mostly their claims benefit themselves but not the founders. They have over the centuries dominated the countries or found ways to do so in countries where they were chased from example Somalia (Africa).

The Great Depression Of The United States - 1299 Words

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Mill and Kants Efforts to Solve an Ethical Dilemma

It is natural for human beings to subscribe to particular moral ideologies and to apply them to their day-to-day lives since we all live in societies that have norms and values. For many centuries, philosophers have tried to formulate frameworks upon which these moral principles can be based and measured. This paper tries to apply the moral theories of John Stuart Mill and Immanuel Kant is solving an ethical dilemma. John Stuart Mill opens his utilitarian postulation by asserting that ethical statements cannot be subjected to scientific or mathematical provability (West 23). Mill’s utilitarianism is the moral standpoint that views actions as right or wrong in proportion to how they advance happiness or pleasure (Bailey 23). By maximizing†¦show more content†¦Mill’s utilitarianism would probably suggest that John donates the money to the veterans. Unlike Mill, Kant postulates that certain types of actions as theft, rape, lying and murder ought to be explicitly prohibited irrespective of whether they are likely to generate happiness or not (Reath 23). The Kantian ethical consideration requires that John contemplates whether his actions respect other human beings and whether he can will that other people in his position act in a similar manner. Kantian moral theory is an example of a deontological ethical theory where the moral worth of an action is determined by dedication to moral duty (Wood 31). In choosing whether to use the money to support family or to donate to a veteran’s association, John needs to consider his duty to society as well as duty to family. Kant proposes the categorical imperative as a command that ascertains moral duties irrespective of the consequences of the action (Baxley 23). In John’s case, the categorical imperative would be, ‘you ought to support your family.’ The categorical imperative can be contrasted with the hypothetical imperative, which commands an action to fulfil certain desires (Denis 43). For instance, ‘if you want to get a good job, then go to school’ (Guyer 32) Kant’s morality is founded on the categorical imperative in the sense that one cannot opt out of a moralShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Efforts to Regulate the Internet5321 Words   |  22 PagesThe Efforts to Regulate the Internet Abstract â€Å"Cyberspace is both the popular medias new darling and new demon, revealing a new, expansive intellectual horizon but simultaneously providing easy access to an infinite, virtual Pandoras box† [1]. This paper shall discuss the situations that have raised the need for the Internet regulations, and in particular, Internet content censorship. Then, it shall review the regulatory efforts worldwide, with respect to the local cultures and governmentalRead MoreApplication of Ethical Theories12285 Words   |  50 PagesThe role of ethical theories in ethical reasoning and behavior within organizations - Research proposal Sigalit Pasternak, Phd student The Faculty of Management Tel Aviv University Supervisor: Dr. Ishak Saporta Introduction Business ethics is a specialized branch of ethics focusing on how moral standards apply to business organizations and behavior (Velasques, 1998). As such, it cannot be understood separately from the general ideas of ethics, and the general ethical theories apply to business ethics

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He wrote about what he knew best, and that is as a peasant of his native home of Normandy, the war of 1870, the lives of government employees and Parisian high society, and his own fears and hallucinations. â€Å"His short storiesRead MoreComment Cuisiner Son Mari a L’africaine: How-to Manual or Cautionary Tale ?4022 Words   |  17 Pagesthis year, is called La Plantation. Beyala’s novel Comment cuisiner son mari à   lafricaine appeared in the year 2000, published by Albin Michel. It is similar in structure to Laura Esquivels Like Water for Chocolate, where the narrative is interrupted by the recipes which figure in the plot line. In her book, Beyala includes twenty-four of the recipes which her heroine Aà ¯ssatou prepares to attract her neighbor and compatriot, Souleymane Bolobolo. In this way the book serves as a how-to manual

Night Creature Blue Moon Chapter 11 Free Essays

I should have driven out to my land and plunged my treacherous body into the chilly pond right then. To hell with the wolves. Though I’d been satisfied, embarrassingly so, I still felt empty, even achy. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Blue Moon Chapter 11 or any similar topic only for you Order Now I knew why. I might have come and it had been great, but I hadn’t done what I really wanted to. Cadotte. Man, was I in trouble. Perhaps if I’d swum until I felt nothing but limp, I wouldn’t have been so distracted all night. However, I doubt anything could have erased his taste from my mouth and his image from my mind. I know that an hour’s worth of pacing did not get rid of the question: Why me? Cadotte certainly hadn’t been dazzled by my charm or my appearance. I wasn’t wealthy, brilliant, or hot. What was he up to? The questions swirled in my head as the mortification swirled in my gut. I’d shared an appallingly intimate moment with a stranger. How was I ever going to look Cadotte in the face again? I wasn’t sure I could, but I’d have to. He hadn’t given me one speck of the information I’d asked for. The memory of my moans and gyrations haunted me all the way to work, which only meant that I had a mood to match Zee’s. The phones were ringing like the church bells on Christmas Eve when I walked into the station. Thankfully Zee triaged better than anyone I’d ever met. She put one call on bold, routed another to the fire department, a third to the clinic, and spoke to the fourth. I’d never make it as a dispatcher. My crisis management skills were heavily weighted to action rather than reaction. â€Å"Two Adam Four, do you copy?† â€Å"Two Adam Four. I copy and am ten-forty-two.’ ‘† â€Å"My ass you’re off duty,† Zee muttered, though not over the radio for a change. She glanced at me. â€Å"Henry’s been to three fights already tonight. He’s going to love this.† As everyone in the department knew, Henry – one of our second shift officers – loathed overtime. He had a young wife and no children – yet – though not for lack of trying. â€Å"Ten-seventy-four that,† Zee continued. â€Å"There’s a ten-ten in progress at the Sportsman.† â€Å"Another one? What are people drinking? Okay, I’m ten-seventy-six to the Sportsman.† â€Å"This whole town has gone ape shit,† Zee muttered. â€Å"You’d think rabid wolves and a school shooting would make people stay home and play nice. Instead, they’re out drinking and driving and fighting.† She picked up the call on hold. â€Å"Yeah, she’s here now.† Zee listened. â€Å"I’ll tell her.† After hanging up, she lit a new cigarette off the stub of her old one and took a deep drag, letting the smoke blow out of her nose on a sigh of contentment. Zee loved her cigarettes nearly as much as she loved me. Or maybe it was the other way around. â€Å"Who’s here?† I prompted when she continued to smoke and ignore me. â€Å"Who the hell do you think? You see anyone else hanging around?† Since I was accustomed to Zee’s usual manner of conversation, I didn’t even blink at her words or her tone. â€Å"Someone’s looking for me?† â€Å"Yeah. That spooky old fart the DNR hired. He’s on his way. You’re supposed to wait for him.† I flicked a finger at the phones. â€Å"Don’t I have work to do?† â€Å"Hell, yes. But Clyde said you deal with Dr. Death first.† â€Å"Peachy.† I glanced around the office. The second shift hadn’t come back in yet. The rest of the third shift must have already gone out. Zee and I were the only lucky ones in the place. I hated waiting around with nothing to do. I stuck my hand in my pocket and my fingertips nicked the totem. â€Å"I’ll be in the evidence room,† I said. I could at least put this back where it belonged and get Clyde off my ass. As I walked by Zee, she put down her cigarette and sniffed the murky air. â€Å"Where you been?† she asked. â€Å"Home. Where else?† â€Å"You smell funny.† How she could tell with cigarette smoke still swirling around her snowy white hair I have no idea. But Zee had always had the nose of a bloodhound. I wondered what she’d be able to smell if her senses hadn’t been depleted by nicotine. I lifted my arm and sniffed underneath. â€Å"No, I don’t.† â€Å"Aftershave,† she announced. I blushed. I couldn’t help it. Strange, though. I hadn’t smelled any aftershave on Cadotte. Only that scent that was his alone – earth, air, forest, man. â€Å"What are you up to, girl?† Since I rarely had reason to blush, my heated cheeks must stand out like the flash of a searchlight on the night of a new moon. Zee glared at me suspiciously. â€Å"Nothing but my job, Zee.† She snorted and I had a hard time not joining her. If my job involved letting William Cadotte put his mouth all over me, the number of applicants for my position would be greater than ravaging mosquitoes on a muggy summer night. I escaped from the front office before Zee pried more out of me. Not that I was easy – prior evidence to the contrary – but Zee was even more bullheaded than I was. She’d pick at me until I cracked or she got enough information to come to her own conclusion. I wouldn’t really mind if Zee knew. In fact, I’d like to talk to her about what in hell was wrong with me. But Clyde was another story. Since his relationship with Zee was as close as or even closer than mine was, telling her would be the same as telling him. I’d lose my job, or at the least my involvement with this case. When Clyde had told me to stay away from Cadotte, he hadn’t just been whistling Dixie. Sighing, I slipped into the evidence room. I made my way to the shelf where I’d left the bag of junk that comprised the evidence from Karen Larson’s accident. It wasn’t there. I didn’t panic right away. Just figured I was on the wrong shelf. My mind wasn’t exactly focused. I put the totem into my pocket and searched the room. There wasn’t a lot there. My evidence certainly wasn’t. I began to feel uneasy. I remembered putting the bag on the second shelf, along with the signed note from Cadotte. I got down on my knees and crawled around. Nothing. I needed to report this to Zee and then to Clyde. The evidence room wasn’t Fort Knox, but it was secure enough for Miniwa. I’d had to use my key to get in here, and only officers had keys. If we took evidence out of the room for any reason, we made a notation in the evidence log. The evidence log! I smacked myself in the forehead and grabbed the book off the desk next to the door. Quickly I spun through the pages, expecting to see a familiar name scrawled in the margin next to my scribbled listing of Karen Larson’s evidence. Not only was there no name; there was no scribble. Hell, there wasn’t even a page. I opened the book as far as the spine would allow. I couldn’t see a shred of paper. Either someone was very good at ripping pages out of books, or I was nuts and I’d never recorded anything at all. I had to go with the first option, even though that made no sense. Who would want a bag of glass and plastic? Unless†¦ I patted my pocket, felt the hard ridge of the totem against my thigh. Had the culprit been looking for something else entirely? Cadotte had said that whoever the totem belonged to would be wanting it back. Then why not just ask? Unless the owner had good reason not to be recognized as such. And if it wasn’t the owner, then what possible good could the totem do them? I was more confused than ever. I couldn’t prove I’d brought in the evidence. Couldn’t prove the evidence had disappeared. Clyde was going to have my head when he found out. He was already pissed at me for letting Cadotte keep the icon. But it was lucky I had or we’d have lost that, too. One thing I knew, I wasn’t leaving the totem here to disappear along with everything else. For now the stone was safe right where it was. How to cite Night Creature: Blue Moon Chapter 11, Essay examples

Issue and Behaviour to Change

Question: Discuss about the Issue and Behaviour to Change. Answer: Introduction Poaching is a behaviour in humans which is characterized by illegal hunting of certain animal species for either food or monetary benefits. In other cases, poaching can be done as a participation in sports through a competition process (Hsiang Sekar, 2016). For instance, some people may decide to engage in the poaching of endangered animal species sp as to boast around for killing a rare animal. In the case of elephants, poaching has threatened their numbers to a large extent. The ivory has been used for trading even at international levels, a trading which is done in black markets for high prices. Therefore poaching of elephants has been termed as an illegal business since their population is always low. The increased poaching of elephants for ivory tusks and in few cases for meat has seen the number of elephants in forests goes down day by day. It is important to note that the elephants are tourist attraction and this earns revenue for the countries (Gobush et al., 2008). Apart fr om this role, elephant trails act as firebreaks; they produce nutrient rich manure which makes soils fertile, break trees and thorns to form grassland for other animals and create salt licks which is important for other animals among other functions. Target audience The poachers should understand the need to change their behaviour because apart from lowering the elephant population, poaching endangers the lives of other wild animals. Instead, poachers can engage in other economic activities which can earn them income. Consequently, the poachers stand a risk of being charged with this criminal offence or being shot by the game rangers. The poachers should also understand the reproduction rate of elephants is very low and hence the more they are poached, the less their numbers become and in the end, they might become extinct (Becker et al., 2013). Instead, the poachers should convert and be on the forefront in hunting down the poachers and report them to the police. Target behaviour The poachers should join the wildlife movements in the communities so that they can learn more about the conservation of elephants. These lessons will enable the poacher to understand that the elephants are very important animals. As a result of this, the poachers also have a duty to take care of the elephants and still meet the needs of the country through tourism. The poachers also need to o alternative tourist methods that can earn them income for instance they can be tour guides (Booth Dunham, 2016). The poachers should join the community based organization that aim at reducing the poaching activities. Finally poachers should report the traffickers and brokers of elephant tusks to the police for action to be taken. Behaviour strategy behaviour-change tools The businesses need form partnerships with the nongovernmental organizations which support conservation of elephants so that they can ensure that no materials from elephant parts are displayed for business purposes. For instance, businesses can support the move to destroy ornaments which have been made from elephant tusks. Social diffusion is another tool which can be used to reduce poaching activities. This method involves a situation where a person makes an initiative and informs colleagues about it. In this case, a few friends can meet and develop a foundation or a community based strategy for protecting elephants and then communicate to other friends over social media to lobby for support. Organizations for wildlife protection can prepare guides and develop mobile phone applications, websites, face book page and twitter accounts to inform people about the need for elephant protection. Offering of incentives to individuals can help in the spread of behaviour against elephant poaching. For instance, if poachers are offered for having reported their group poaching members, they can stop such behaviour (McKenzie Schultz, 2012). The suppliers need to partner with national parks and make a commit that they will never accept to do business with products made from elephant parts. Potential partners, stakeholders, spokesperson In this case, the government agency to be consulted is the Kenya Wildlife service. This agency has all the statistics and other relevant information concerning the population and species of elephants in Kenya and the rates of poaching activities. https://www.kws.go.ke/ The nongovernmental organization which would be used in this project is the Mara elephant project which deals with the protection of elephants in Kenya. The celebrity for use in this project is Lupita Nyongo, having previously won the Oscar awards, indicating that she is globally popular. As a result, any programs and initiatives would be of interest to many people as a result of this celebrity. The scientific expert on the issue of elephant for protection of elephants in this project is Gerald Bigurube who is a regional cordinator in the zoological society. Similar projects or campaigns Examples of project similar to this one are: save the elephants campaign is involved in tracking of the elephants through remote GPS racking so as to monitor their activities. This project also implements the objectives of the United Nations through the reduction in the poaching activities. The 96 elephants campaign is involved in the provision of a bright future for the elephants. This is through the provision of safe environment and prevention of the poaching activities. The save the elephants campaign is similar to my project because it aims at determining the number of elephants which are available in the game reserves from time to time, indicating that it can determine the number of elephants lost through poaching. The 96 elephants campaign is similar to our project because it offers protection to the elephants and offers education to the people on the need for protecting elephants through discouraging of illegal activities like poaching (Ezeonu, 2004). Possible barriers and benefits The barriers to this project can be grouped into psychological, physical, socio-cultural, economic or individual differences. For instance, one of the economic barriers would be the lack of funds which would in turn hamper the strategies for propelling the campaigns to a success (Lombard et al., 2001). In some instances, there is a need to go to the forest or game parks to assess the situation as it is on the ground. The travelling and other logistics would require funds for them to be accomplished. Another barrier is lack of cooperation among the team members due to personal differences. In this case, it would be difficult to make any efforts concerning this project because people need to come together and consolidate their ideas. The benefits associated with the target audience in this project are the psychological and economic benefits. In the psychological benefits, a poacher would change the minds of poaching elephants and instead become an advocate who lobby for elephant protection. The second is the economic benefits which would come along following increased reduction in poaching activities (Harris, 2014). More elephants would be saved and the government would earn revenue from tourism. Simple message References Becker, M., McRobb, R., Watson, F., Droge, E., Kanyembo, B., Murdoch, J., Kakumbi, C. (2013). Evaluating wire-snare poaching trends and the impacts of by-catch on elephants and large carnivores. Biological Conservation, 158, 26-36. Booth, V. R., Dunham, K. M. (2016). Elephant poaching in Niassa Reserve, Mozambique: population impact revealed by combined survey trends for live elephants and carcasses. Oryx, 50(01), 94-103. Ezeonu, I. C. (2004). Poverty and the environment: Sociologizing environmental protection in Sub-Saharan Africa. Review of Black Political Economy, 31(3), 33. Gobush, K. S., Mutayoba, B. M., Wasser, S. K. (2008). Long?Term Impacts of Poaching on Relatedness, Stress Physiology, and Reproductive Output of Adult Female African Elephants. Conservation Biology, 22(6), 1590-1599. Harris, J. (2014). Wildlife conservation in China: preserving the habitat of China's Wild West. Routledge. Hsiang, S., Sekar, N. (2016). Does legalization reduce black market activity? Evidence from a global ivory experiment and elephant poaching data (No. w22314). National Bureau of Economic Research. Lombard, A. T., Johnson, C. F., Cowling, R. M., Pressey, R. L. (2001). Protecting plants from elephants: botanical reserve scenarios within the Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa. Biological Conservation, 102(2), 191-203. McKenzie, D., Schultz, M. P. W. (2012). Choosing effective behavior change tools. Social Marketing Quarterly, 20(1), 35-46.